LIPPI 



3455 



LIQUID AIR 



the meaning of this, he told them that it was 

 the same beast he had once befriended. Slave 

 and lion were then allowed to leave the arena 

 and were afterwards exhibited in the streets of 

 the city. One of Bernard Shaw's wittiest plays 

 is a burlesque of this story. 



In Biblical narrative there are numerous 

 stories about lions or allusions to them. The 

 best-known story is that of Daniel, the He- 

 brew captive at Babylon who was thrown into 

 a den of lions because he persisted in praying 

 three times a day to his God (see Daniel VI). 

 In / Peter V, 8, Satan is likened to a roaring 

 lion which goes about "seeking whom he may 

 devour." The wicked, according to Psalms X, 

 9, lie in wait secretly "as a lion in his den." 



From the days of the ancients the lion has 

 had an important place in art and heraldry. 

 It has appeared in sculpture and painting, and 

 on medals and flags. To-day it is the emblem 

 of Great Britain, and the lion rampant may 

 be seen on the upper righthand quarter of the 

 royal standard, the supreme flag of^the British 

 navy. Imposing sculptured lions guard the 

 celebrated Nelson column in Trafalgar Square, 

 London. 



The lordly bearing of the lion is reflected in 

 many familiar expressions. Richard I of Eng- 

 land was called the "Lion-hearted" because of 

 his heroic nature, and we speak of lionizing a 

 man when we bestow popular honors upon him. 

 The old story from Aesop's Fables, about the 

 lion that hunted with the fox and wolf and 

 claimed three-thirds of the game, has given rise 

 to the expression "the lion's share." V.L.K. 



For illustration of various members of the cat 

 family, see article CAT, page 1220. Consult Her- 

 bert's The Life Story of a Lion; Carter's Lion 

 and Tiger Stories; Patterson's The Man-Eaters 

 of Tsavo. 



LIPPI, le'pe, FILIPPO (1412-1469), com- 

 monly known as LIPPO LIPPI, an artist-monk, 

 considered the first representative of the Flor- 

 entine school of painters. His Madonna paint- 

 ings are among the treasures of many famous 

 collections. Fra Lippi loved gayety so much 

 more than work that it was necessary for his 

 patrons to lock him in a room while he was 

 painting. But locks and keys did not avail, 

 for 'tis said he tore his bed sheets to strips 

 and let himself down from the window by 

 them. However this might be, his works are 

 noted for their warm, transparent color and 

 expression of human sympathy. His great- 

 est works extant are the frescoes in the Cathe- 

 dral of Prado, representing scenes from the 



lives of John the Baptist and Saint Stephen. 

 At the time of his death he was at work on a 

 series of incidents from the life of the Virgin 

 in the cathedral apse at Spoleto. 



His son, FILIPPINO LIPPI (1460-1504), inher- 

 ited his father's skill, and his art shows the 

 influence of his father and that of Botticelli. 

 Among his famous frescoes are scenes from the 

 lives of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, in the 

 Brancacci chapel at Florence. His finest easel- 

 paintings are The Virgin and Saints in the 

 Uffizi at Florence; The Adoration of the Magi, 

 and The Vision of Saint Francis. 



LIQUID, lik' wid, that state of matter in 

 which its particles are not fixed with regard to 

 other particles, but are free to slip or flow 

 over each other under very slight impulse; at 

 the same time a liquid substance, unlike a 

 gas, possesses defi- 

 nite volume, 

 almost incompres- 

 sible. Unlike a 

 solid, a liquid will 

 fill every crevice 

 of the containing 

 vessel, and if 

 there are several 

 arms of different 

 shapes, it will rise 



to the same level The figure shows that a 



,, t ,, liquid has no shape of its 



in all ol tnem own but assumes the shape of 



(see illustration). pf a y ce j essel into which u is 

 The free surface 



of a liquid has a tension due to molecular 

 action, which acts like a thin skin. A needle 

 will rest upon it without sinking, and it will 

 support oil. It is surface tension, also, that 

 makes water form into spherical drops in the 

 air. 



LIQUID AIR is air reduced to a liquid state 

 by compressing it at a temperature of 220 be- 

 low zero F. under a pressure of '585 pounds to 

 the square inch. It is of little use except to 

 scientists, though for a time believed one of 

 the most valuable discoveries of modern times. 

 Its main importance to commerce is in the 

 manufacture of large quantities of nitrogen 

 (for ammonia, etc.) and oxygen. But it does 

 so many wonderful things in the laboratory 

 that it may yet become useful elsewhere. It 

 is so cold that when placed on ice it will boil. 

 If enclosed and heated it becomes a powerful 

 explosive. Charcoal cooled by it absorbs gases 

 very readily and can produce an exceedingly 

 high vacuum. It increases the power of mag- 

 nets, but lessens the action of chemicals, re- 



