LISGAR 



3457 



LITANY 



most of the city was reduced to a heap of ruins. 

 About 40,000 of its inhabitants were killed, 

 and the loss of property aggregated nearly 

 $100,000,000. The nineteenth century was 

 marked by many military revolts. Since the 

 deposition of King Manuel in 1911 and the 

 declaration of Portugal as a republic, the spirit 

 of unrest, general throughout the republic, has 

 left its impress upon Lisbon. Population in 

 1911, about S85,000. 



LIS'GAR, SIR JOHN YOUNG, Baron (1807- 

 1876), a British diplomat and statesman, Gov- 

 ernor-General of Canada from 1869 to 1872. 

 Lisgar, or "Sir John," as he was commonly 

 known, was born at Bombay, India, and was 

 educated at Eton and Oxford. He then began 

 the study of law, but while still a student was 

 elected to the House of Commons, in which he 

 represented the same constituency for nearly 

 twenty years. In 1852 he was given a place in 

 the Conservative Ministry as Chief Secretary 

 for Ireland, and three years later was sent to 

 the Ionian Islands as Lord High Cpmmissioner. 

 In 1860 he became governor of New South 

 Wales. 



In 1868 the government offered him the Gov- 

 ernor-Generalship of Canada, which had been 

 declined by several other Conservatives because 

 the Canadian Parliament was thought to have 

 impaired its dignity by reducing the salary. Sir 

 John, however, accepted the offer, and on Janu- 

 ary 2, 1869, was formally appointed Governor- 

 General of Canada and governor of Prince 

 Edward Island (the latter did not enter the 

 Dominion until 1873). The Red River Rebel- 

 lion was in progress when Sir John arrived in 

 November, 1869, but it was suppressed in the 

 next year. During his administration in Can- 

 ada, Manitoba and British Columbia entered 

 the Dominion, the Treaty of Washington was 

 signed, and plans were perfected for the con- 

 struction of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Sir 

 John was a baronet by inheritance, and in 1870 

 was also created Baron Lisgar. At the close of 

 his service in Canada he retired to his estates 

 in Ireland, where he died. 



LIS'TER, SIR JOSEPH (1827- ), first 

 Baron Lister, an English surgeon, distinguished 

 for the introduction of antiseptics into surgery, 

 was born at Upton, Essex. In 1854 he was 

 graduated in medicine from the University of 

 London; in the same year he became Fellow 

 of the Royal College of Surgeons in England, 

 and in 1855, of Edinburgh. He then became 

 in succession professor of surgery at Glasgow, 

 professor of clinical surgery at Edinburgh, and 



217 



FRANZ LISZT 



at King's College Hospital, London, and was 

 appointed surgeon to the queen. The develop- 

 ment of his theories regarding the efficacy of 

 antiseptics in the treatment of wounds revolu- 

 tionized modern surgery. His publications in- 

 clude many important books on the value of 

 antiseptics. A modern antiseptic mouth wash, 

 called listerine, was named for him. 



LISZT, list, FRANZ (1811-1886), an Hungarian 

 musician who ranks first among the great pian- 

 ists of all time. The poetic quality of his play- 

 ing, his ability and technique, combined with 

 an intelligence, culture and enthusiasm for the 

 high ideals of art, 

 made him one of 

 the most ideal 

 personalities i n 

 this field of mu- 

 sic. His influence 

 in bringing before 

 the public the 

 work of Chopin, 

 Berlio^, Wagner, 

 Schumann and 

 many others is 

 incalculable. His 

 pupils venerated him, and counted among them 

 are many of the greatest masters of the piano- 

 forte of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. 

 His transcriptions for the piano are considered 

 the finest ever made. His Hungarian rhapso- 

 dies stand alone, and the list of his original 

 compositions is long. His chief works are the 

 Faust and Dante symphonies and the oratorios 

 Saint Elizabeth and Christus. 



Liszt was born in Hungary. He made his 

 first public appearance in his ninth year. Later 

 he studied in Vienna and Paris; in 1849 became 

 director of the Court Theater of Weimar, and 

 because of his wonderful concerts this little 

 town became the center of the musical life in 

 Germany. In 1861 he resigned his appointment, 

 and his subsequent years were divided between 

 Weimar, Rome and Budapest. 



LITANY, lit'ani, a form of prayer or sup- 

 plication in which the people take responsive 

 parts; it may therefore be called a dialogue of 

 prayer. The word is derived from Latin and 

 Greek words meaning to pray. Originally a 

 litany was recited on special occasions and in 

 processions, but now it is used at any time, and 

 the individual may say both the prayers and 

 the responses. This form of prayer is a sup- 

 plication for grace or for deliverance from dan- 

 ger, pestilence or sin. The Roman Catholic, 

 the Episcopal, the Lutheran and some other 



