LIVINGSTONE 



3469 



LIVONIA 



respect as the "very great doctor." To Living- 

 stone are due the steps afterwards taken by 

 the British to end human slavery in Central 

 Africa; he caused the whole world to cry out 

 in condemnation of the atrocities he witnessed. 

 In 1849 Livingstone pushed far north of civi- 

 lization, beyond the tropic of Capricorn, and 

 made the important discovery of Lake Ngami. 

 In 1852 he started on an expedition which 

 brought him to the then little known Zambezi. 



MAP OF LIVINGSTONE'S EXPEDITIONS 

 He explored the upper reaches and traveled 

 westward, eventually coming to Loanda on the 

 Atlantic coast. From Loanda he journeyed en- 

 tirely across the continent to Quilimane at the 

 mouth of the Zambezi on the eastern coast. 

 This journey was a succession of almost unsur- 

 mountable difficulties, overcome by the indomi- 

 table courage of Livingstone, who was tortured 

 and emaciated by fever. His left arm, torn and 

 shattered by an attacking lion, caused him con- 

 stant trouble ; food was scarce, and his medicine 

 chest was stolen, but still he pushed forward. 

 He discovered the now famous Victoria Falls 

 on the Zambezi, and followed the course of the 

 river to the coast. 



He was later appointed British consul at 

 Quilimane and was placed in charge of a party 

 to explore Eastern and Central Africa, discov- 

 ering Lake Shirwa and Lake Nyassa. In 1866 

 he started with another expedition to discover 

 the true source of the Nile. For nearly three 

 years nothing was heard from him. Pressing on 

 against great difficulties and worn by want and 

 sickness, he discovered the Serapula River and 

 lakes Moeru and Bangweolo. He arrived at 

 Lake Tanganyika in 1869 and remained there 

 some time before continuing his explorations. 



In 1871 he was at Nyangwe, on the Congo, but 

 was not certain that the river was the Congo. 

 Returning to Ujiji, on Lake Tanganyika, he was 

 met by H. M. Stanley, who had been instructed 

 by James Gordon Bennett of the New York 

 Herald to "go and find Livingstone." 



Another year of suffering proved more than 

 his constitution could bear and he died in the 

 village of a friendly chief on the shore of Lake 

 Bangweolo. His devoted native servants bur- 

 ied his heart at the foot of the tree beneath 

 whose branches the "great white doctor" passed 

 away and carved a rough inscription on the 

 tree. They then preserved the body and car- 

 ried it reverently down to Zanzibar, where it 

 was identified by the lion-torn left arm. The 

 body was later taken to England and buried 

 with great ceremony in Westminster Abbey, 

 the final resting place of Britain's greatest men. 

 He was the author of Missionary Travels and 

 Researches in South Africa and Narrative of an 

 Expedition to the Zambezi and Its Tributaries. 

 His own works tell with the utmost simplicity 

 and modesty of his accomplishments in the 

 heart of the Dark Continent. F.ST.A. 



Consult Stanley's How I Found Livingstone. 



LIVONIA, the central of the three Baltic 

 provinces which were Russian until 1918. Es- 

 thonia is north, and Courland southwest. In 

 the seventeenth century Livonia belonged to 

 Poland; in 1660 it became Swedish, and in 1721 

 Peter the Great annexed it to Russia. In the 

 Bolsheviki peace with Germany in 1918 it be- 

 came German, but was relinquished the same 

 year, and bolshevism prevailed. There are 

 1,480,000 people in Livonia; only 7% per cent 

 are German ; 40 per cent are Esthonians. 



LIVRE, le'ver, an old French coin that dif- 

 fered in value according to the place of issue. 

 The term was derived from the Latin libra, 

 meaning balance. The standard livre was equal 

 to four-fifths of the Paris livre, and its value 

 compared with that of the franc was as the 

 ratio of eighty to eighty-one; its equivalent in 

 United States money is 19.3 cents. Under the 

 first republic of France in 1795 the livre was 

 superceded by the franc, which is now the unit 

 of the monetary system of France and of the 

 Latin Monetary Union, which comprises Greece, 

 Italy, Belgium and Switzerland. 



LIVY, liv'i, TITUS LIVIUS (59 B.C-A.D. 17), 

 the most eminent of the Rojnan historians, was 

 born at Padua, in the north of Italy. He be- 

 longed to a period filled with great writers, 

 known as the Augustan Age. He was the son 

 of wealthy parents and established himself in 



