LODGE 



3482 



LOEB 



LOCUST 



Branch, showing form of 

 leaves and seed pods. 



trunk, but the little, sharp twigs grow in all 

 directions. The trees grow rapidly and spread 

 by means of suckers springing from the roots, 

 as well as from the scattered seeds. They bear 

 much trimming 

 and make a fine, 

 close hedge. The 

 wood is very 

 hard, made so by 

 mineral crystals 

 deposited in the 

 cells by the grow- 

 ing tree, and is a 

 valuable material 

 for building ships 

 and making fur- 

 niture, cogwheels, 

 wagon hubs and 

 spokes. 



The locusts be- 

 long to the pea 

 family, and are 

 found in Europe, Asia, Africa, America and the 

 West Indies. The best-known American varie- 

 ties are the honey locust, the yellow locust and 

 the clammy locust. The first is the largest, the 

 second the most common and the last is a gar- 

 den shrub or small tree cultivated for its beau- 

 tiful pink, fragrant flowers. 



LODGE, HENRY CABOT (1850- ) , an Ameri- 

 can statesman and historian of marked ability, 

 was born in Boston. He was graduated from 

 Harvard in 1871, and for his thesis on The Land 

 Law of the Anglo-Saxons received the degree 

 of Ph. D. He studied law, and was admitted to 

 the bar in 1876. From 1873 to 1876 he edited 

 the North American Review, and for the fol- 

 lowing three years was university lecturer on 

 American history at Harvard. He was elected 

 a member of Congress from Massachusetts in 

 1887 ; after serving three terms in the House he 

 was elected United States Senator in 1899, and 

 was reflected in 1905, 1911 and 1917. Senator 

 Lodge is one of the most scholarly men who 

 have served in Congress in the entire history of 

 the nation. His published works include Life 

 and Letters of George Cabot, Life of Washing- 

 ton, Certain Accepted Heroes and Other Essays 

 and Story of the Revolution. He also edited 

 the Complete Works of Alexander Hamilton 

 and wrote a biography of Daniel Webster. 



LODZ, lawdz, in Russian, looj, is a manufac- 

 turing town of Russian Poland, capital of the 

 district of Lodz, situated eighty-seven miles 

 southwest of Warsaw. Until the early part of 

 the nineteenth century Lodz was only a small 



village in an almost impenetrable forest, but 

 German enterprise introduced the textile indus- 

 try and the village grew into a city with Ameri- 

 canlike rapidity. Now it is the second city of 

 importance in Russian Poland, and because of 

 the great amount of cotton, woolen and mixed 

 goods manufactured, is called the Manchester 

 of Poland. There are, in addition, chemical 

 factories, boiler shops and silk- and linen-weav- 

 ing mills. Lodz is a typical industrial city, 

 without boulevards or exclusive residence dis- 

 tricts. Its one main street is seven miles in 

 length. The population is made up chiefly of 

 Poles, Jews and Germans, and there are few 

 Russians of unmixed blood. In 1914, during the 

 War of the Nations, Lodz was occupied by the 

 Germans. The Russians recovered it, but one 

 month later lost it to the Germans a second 

 time ; the latter strongly fortified the palace and 

 used it as a base for their drives against War- 

 saw. Population, 1910, 415,600. 



LOEB, lohb, JACQUES (1859- ), an Ameri- 

 can biologist and physiologist whose studies in 

 the origin of life have attracted wide attention. 

 He was born in Germany and studied at Berlin, 

 Munich and Strassburg, taking the medical de- 

 gree in the latter city in 1884. He taught in 

 the universities of Wiirzburg and Strassburg, en- 

 gaged in physiological research at the Naples 

 Zoological station, and in 1891 moved to the 

 United States, where he became associate pro- 

 fessor of biology at Bryn Mawr College. From 

 1892 to 1902 he was professor of physiology and 

 experimental biology at the University of Chi- 

 cago, and in the latter year was elected to the 

 chair of physiology at the University of Cali- 

 fornia. In 1910 he was made head of the de- 

 partment of experimental biology at the Rocke- 

 feller Institute for Medical Research. 



Loeb's work in the field of comparative physi- 

 ology and psychology has been of the utmost 

 importance, and particularly by his rese 

 into the physiology of protoplasm has he 

 distinction. The effects of light and of 

 solutions on heart action, cells and tissue have 

 been most interestingly shown by him. Work- 

 ing with the lower forms of animal life, such as 

 sea urchins, he has demonstrated that it is pos- 

 sible to fertilize the female egg by artificial 

 means. Using ultra-violet rays (see RADIUM) 

 from a mercury arc lamp with an estimated 

 candle power of 3,000, he exposed the eggs to 

 the light for periods of 10 to 20 minutes, and in 

 nearly all cases succeeded in producing changes 

 which corresponded to those in the normal de- 

 velopment of the egg. 





