LOUIS I 



3511 



LOUISE 



Henry VIII (England) Nantes, Edict of 



Huguenots Necker, Jacques 



Maintenon, Marquise de Richelieu, Cardinal 



Marie Antoinette Seven Years' War 



Mazarin, Jules States-General 



Me( jici Succession Wars 



LOUIS I (778-840), called THE Pious, or LE 

 DEBONNAIRE, was king of the Franks and Ro- 

 man emperor, the third son of Cfearlemagne. 

 His elder brothers died before his father, and 

 he succeeded to the throne of the empire in 814, 

 upon the latter's death. He was not without 

 ability, but possessed none of the force which 

 had characterized his father, and which was 

 necessary in the government of so loosely or- 

 ganized a state. Trouble began in 817, when 

 he divided his empire among his three sons, 

 thus antagonizing his nephew Bernard, who felt 

 himself entitled to Italy. In the insurrection 

 which followed Louis captured Bernard and put 

 him to death but suffered so from remorse that 

 he entered a monastery for a time. 



His first wife having died, he married in 819 

 Judith of Bavaria, who bore him a son, and by 

 his desire to redistribute his possessions so as 

 to provide for this fourth son he roused the 

 jealousy of the other three, and the remainder 

 of his reign was but a series of civil conflicts. 

 Twice Louis was deposed and reinstated and he 

 died before the struggle ended. 



LOUISA, looe'za, AUGUSTS WILHELMINE 

 AMALIE (1776-1810), queen of Prussia, in whose 

 honor the Prussian Order of Louise was 

 founded, was born at Hanover. In 1793 she 

 was married to the Crown Prince of Prussia, 

 who afterwards ruled as Frederick William III. 

 Her beauty, dignity and benevolence, together 

 with the resolute and patriotic spirit she dis- 

 played during the wars with Napoleon, made 

 her one of the most popular queens of history. 



The story of the adoption of the cornflower, 

 or Kaiserblume, as Germany's national flower, 

 dates back to Queen Louise. This interesting 

 story is told in these volumes under FLOWERS, 

 subtitle National Flowers. 



LOUISBURG, loo 'is burg, a town on Cape 

 Breton Island, Nova Scotia, once a great fort- 

 ress, the chief stronghold of the French in 

 America, now a fishing village of a thousand 

 people. The town is on the Atlantic side of 

 the island, about twenty-five miles southeast of 

 Sydney, and though unattractive to settlers is 

 admirably located as a fishing-station and as a 

 fortress. Its splendid harbor, two and a half 

 miles long and one and a half miles wide, is 

 never ice-bound. After the French, by the 

 Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, ceded Acadia to 



England, they still clung to Cape Breton Island. 

 They hoped to keep it to guard the entrance to 

 the Saint Lawrence River, and also to use it 

 as a possible base of operations for the recov- 

 ery of Acadia at some future time. On the 

 rocky southeast shore they planted a great fort- 

 ress, which they named Louisburg in honor of 

 their king. For twenty-five years they labored 

 over it, until it was considered impregnable. 

 It became the resort of French privateers and 

 fleets, and was a constant menace to the Eng- 

 lish colonies to the south. 



First Siege of Louisburg. After the out- 

 break of King George's War, in 1744, the colony 

 of Massachusetts equipped an expedition to at- 

 tack Louisburg. The undertaking seemed little 

 short of madness, for Louisburg was as strong 

 as human ingenuity could make it. Neverthe- 

 less, a force of nearly 4,000 men, commanded 

 by Colonel William Pepperell, set sail in a fleet 

 of a hundred vessels, and was joined by ten 

 English ships-of-war under the command of 

 Commodore Peter Warren. The combined 

 forces began the siege on April 30, 1745, and 

 on June 17 the fortress surrendered. By the 

 treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748 Louisburg was 

 restored to the French. 



Second Siege of Louisburg. For ten years 

 the French held Louisburg unmolested. They 

 rebuilt parts of the town destroyed in the siege 

 of 1748, and greatly strengthened the fortifica- 

 tions. In 1758, however, in the third year of 

 the French and Indian Wars (which see), it 

 again fell to the English, in whose hands it re- 

 mained. At the time it was garrisoned by 3,000 

 French soldiers, and in the harbor was a French 

 fleet manned by as many sailors. There were 

 only three possible landing-places for the at- 

 tackers. The English, under the command of 

 General Amherst (see AMHERST, JEFFREY), at- 

 tacked all three places at once. The main 

 attack was led by James Wolfe at Freshwater 

 Cove, the position farthest from the tow r n. 

 Wolfe's men forced a landing, and the French, 

 in danger of an attack in the rear, abandoned 

 their positions and withdrew into the fortress. 

 English batteries were set up back of the town 

 and on the farijier side of the harbor, and the 

 French fleet was set afire by a bomb. Hope- 

 lessly surrounded, the French finally surren- 

 dered. See FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS. 



LOUISE, looeez', LAKE, called the "Pearl of 

 the Canadian Rockies," is accounted the most 

 exquisite small bit of scenery in the world. 

 Lying at an altitude of 5,645 feet, in the ro- 

 mantic "Lakes in the Clouds" 'region, it mirrors 



