LOWER CALIFORNIA 



3529 



LUBECK 



commission form of government, with a mayor 

 and four commissioners, was adopted in 1912. 

 Lowell is the birthplace of J. A. McN. Whistler, 

 the artist, and his old home is now used as an 

 art museum. Features of interest are monu- 

 ments to Ladd, Whitney, Taylor and Colonel 

 Ellsworth ; the latter was the first Union soldier 

 to fall in the War of Secession. J.H.M. 



LOWER CALIFORNIA. See CALIFORNIA, 

 LOWER. 



LOW GERMAN. See PLAT.TDEUTSCH. 



LOYOLA, lo yo ' la, or loi o ' la, SAINT IGNA- 

 TIUS OF (1491-1556), a Spaniard who began life 

 as a soldier and became one of the greatest of 

 churchmen, winning undying fame as the 

 founder of the Society of Jesus, better known 

 as the Jesuits (which see). He was born in the 

 castle of Loyola, near the little Spanish town 

 of Azpeitia, and was christened Inigo Lopez de 

 Recalde. The name by which he is known in 

 history was assumed after he became a devotee 

 of religion. As soon as he was old enough an4 

 had learned to read and write a little, he was 

 sent as a page to the court of Ferdinand and 

 Isabella. There he learned to ride, carry arms 

 and do all the things considered a part of the 

 training of a young Spanish nobleman; later 

 he joined the soldiers of the Duke of Najera. 



In a war with France, while helping defend 

 the city of Pampeluna, young Recalde was 

 seriously wounded. He was taken to the castle 

 of Loyola and after weeks of desperate illness 

 grew better. While he was getting well two 

 books were given him which helped to change 

 his whole life. They were The 'Life of Christ 

 and Flowers oj the Saints. Under the influence 

 of these books, Inigo began to think of devot- 

 ing himself to the Church, and after a great 

 mental struggle determined to renounce the 

 pleasures of the world. 



After a year of prayer and self-denial in the 

 convent of Manresa he wandered about as a 

 pilgrim, helping those in need, preaching and 

 visiting the holy places. In 1524, feeling the 

 need of more learning than the scant education 

 given a Spanish nobleman, and though thirty- 

 three years old, Ignatius entered a grammar 

 school in Barcelona. Later he studied at the 

 universities of Barcelona, Alcala and Sala- 

 manca. From Spain he went to Paris, where 

 he took a seven-year course of general and 

 religious training. 



It was in Paris, in 1534, that the little group 

 of seven who were to be the core of the famous 

 Society of Jesus first bound themselves to- 

 gether to serve the Church. About six years 



later Pope Paul III recognized the little Society 

 and gave it his blessing. Loyola was elected 

 the first general and thereafter devoted himself 

 to the writing of its Constitutions and Spir- 

 itual Exercises, and to its organization and 

 government. He succeeded so well in this 

 undertaking that he is known as one of the 

 world's greatest organizers and educators. 



Loyola is the man above all others to whom 

 the Jesuits owe their greatness: to his execu- 

 tive ability and farsightedness in providing for 

 the action of each small cog in the machinery 

 of the organization is due the unity and great 

 strength of the Jesuits. He also made the plans 

 for the educational system that produced some 

 of the great Roman Catholic theologians. In 

 1556, after a short illness, Loyola died, but the 

 Society he had founded became one of the 

 most powerful agents of Christianity, education 

 and civilization in the world. G.W.M. 



Consult Thompson's Life of Saint Ignatius; 

 Hughes' Loyola and the Educational System of 

 the Jesuits, in Great Educators' Series. 



LUBECK, lu'bek, one of the three free city 

 states of Germany, the others being Hamburg 

 and Bremen. It is situated in the northwestern 

 part of the German Empire, on the Baltic Sea. 

 Its area is 115 square miles, which includes the 

 city of Liibeck, the town of Travemiinde, a 

 number of villages in the surrounding rural dis- 

 trict and small isolated portions of Holstein and 

 Mecklenburg-Strelitz. The city of Liibeck, its 

 capital, is at the mouth of the Trave River, 

 twelve miles inland from the Bay of Liibeck. 

 The population of the entire city state is 116,- 

 599 (1910), nearly all of whom are in the city 

 of Liibeck. 



The city of Liibeck is especially interesting 

 because of its medieval architecture, much of 

 which still remains. The walls and bastions 

 which once surrounded the city have been lev- 

 eled and are now lovely broad walks. There is 

 in the cathedral of Liibeck some very old and 

 rare wood carving. In the church of Saint 

 Mary's, a pure Gothic type, are paintings by 

 Holbein and Van Dyke. One of the quaintest 

 buildings of the city is the Rathaus, or town 

 hall. Although the city is not as strong com- 

 mercially as it was in the days of the Hanseatic 

 League, it has long carried on an extensive 

 commerce with Russia, Denmark and Sweden. 

 The chief articles of trade are timber, grain, 

 coal, iron, wire and groceries. 



The story of the rise of the three city states of 

 Germany is told in the articles CITY STATES and 

 FREE CITIES. 



