LUCCA 



3530 



LUCKNOW 



LUCCA, look'kah, known as Lucca, the In- 

 dustrious, the chief town of the Italian province 

 of the same name, has an extensive trade in 

 olive oil, silks, velvet, and other textiles, while 

 many of its thrifty people find employment in 

 its foundries and glass and paper factories. It 

 is situated in the northern part of Italy, thir- 

 teen miles northeast of Pisa. The town con- 

 tains about forty churches, some dating back 

 to the seventh and eighth centuries. It is ex- 

 ceptionally rich in artistic and scientific insti- 

 tutions and has four libraries. On the remains 

 of a large Roman amphitheater now stands the 

 city market. The surrounding country abounds 

 in beautiful villas. Sixteen miles north of the 

 town are the baths of Lucca, celebrated since 

 the fifteenth century. 



The province of Lucca, which has an area of 

 558 square miles, is noted for the fertility of its 

 soil and the superiority of its yield. Originally 

 belonging to Etruria, Lucca was taken by the 

 Romans in 177 B.C. Later its power was weak- 

 ened by the contests between the Guelphs and 

 Ghibellines (which see). In 1815 it was given 

 to Maria Louisa of Spain, and in 1847 her son, 

 Charles Louis, ceded it to Tuscany. In 1860 it 

 became a part of United Italy. Population of 

 city and suburbs, 1911, 76,160. 



LUCERNE, lusurn', LAKE OF, a lake in 

 Western Switzerland, famous for its beauty. It 

 is roughly in the shape of a cross, with irregu- 

 lar, winding arms between steep, rocky cliffs 

 which in some places have pushed so far out 

 into the water 

 that they have 

 made of Lucerne 

 five divisions. The 

 Bay of Lucerne 

 forms the upper 

 end of the cross, 

 the bays of Alp- 

 nach and Kuss- LOCATION MAP 



nacht form the cross arms, the Weggiser See 

 and the Buochser See comprise the main body. 

 Each of these divisions is shut off from the 

 others as far as the view is concerned and each 

 has its own kind of beauty. 



Lucerne, a quaint town of Switzerland, on 

 the banks of Lake Lucerne, a favorite city for 

 tourists in Switzerland. The town is divided 

 into two parts by the River Reuss, the modern 

 section with broad streets and great hotels on 

 the west, the medieval town of crooked, narrow 

 streets and old-fashioned houses on the east. 

 In the latter part is the Hofkirche, a church of 

 1506; the sixteenth century town hall with its 



collection of art and antiques, and the famous 

 "Lion of Lucerne," a huge dying lion carved in 

 solid rock in memory of the Swiss Guards mas- 



AC VlrtTlJTI 



THE LION OF LUCERNE 



The inscription, freely translated, reads : To 

 the Fidelity and Courage of the Helvetians. 



sacred in defense of th^e Tuileries, in Paris, Au- 

 gust 10, 1792. Population, 1910, 39,152. 



LUCIFER, lu'sifer, from a Latin word 

 meaning light-bringing, is a name sometimes 

 given by poets to the moon, to the planet 

 Venus when it appears as the morning star, and 

 to day. Many writers, among them Milton 

 and Shakespeare, called Satan Lucifer, because 

 the following Biblical reference in Isaiah XIV, 

 12, was in ancient times wrongly interpreted to 

 mean Satan: 



How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, 

 son of the morning ! how art thou cut down to 

 the ground, which didst weaken the nations. 



LUCKNOW, luk'nou, the most ancient of 

 the great cities of India, and famous as the 

 scene of a memorable siege during the Sepoy 

 Rebellion of 1857. Up to the time of the rebel- 

 lion, Lucknow was the capital of the independ- 

 ent state of Oudh, but after the English recap- 

 tured the city in 1858, it was made the capital 

 of a district in the United Provinces of Agra 

 and Oudh. See SEPOY REBELLION. 



Situated on the right bank of the Gumtii 

 River, with several suburbs on the opposite! 

 side of the stream, the city from a distance! 

 presents a striking appearance, with its mina-l 

 rets and gilded cupolas, but a nearer view dis- ! 

 closes a crowded Oriental town with na: 

 streets and shabby little houses. There 

 however, a number of buildings of modern 

 struction, and in the better quarter the 

 streets are lined with handsome homes. U 

 English control considerable improvement 

 been made in the sanitary conditions. Se 

 beautiful mosques, relics of former days, re 



