LUTZEN 



3541 



LUXEMBURG 



present time it is the only statement of doc- 

 trine universally recognized by all the divisions 

 in the Church. Their chief doctrine, around 

 which all others radiate, is justification by 

 faith; they also believe in a true sacramental, 

 but not the material, presence of Christ in the 

 Lord's Supper. No other Church has so ex- 

 tensive a doctrinal literature. 



The preaching in the regular services consists 

 in teaching rather than in exhortation, and the 

 ministers are trained for their work in colleges 

 established for the purpose. The largest of 

 those in the United States is the Concordia 

 Seminary at Saint Louis, Mo., while another 

 splendid school, the Wittenberg Seminary, is 

 located at Springfield, Ohio. There are five 

 general independent oiganizations in. the Luth- 

 eran Church of the United States, the largest 

 being the Synodical Conference of Missouri. 

 Each of these has several divisions, governed 

 by a synod, which acts as an advisory body. 



Consult Finck's Lutheran Landmarks and Pio- 

 neers in America. 



LUT'ZEN, BATTLES OF, two famous battles 

 which were fought in the vicinity of the small 

 town of Liitzen, in the Prussian province of 

 Saxony. The first battle took place in Novem- 

 ber, 1632, during the religious struggle known 

 as the Thirty Years' War (which see). Gus- 

 tavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, had been 

 moving toward Bavaria, but delayed his plans 

 for conquest there on account of the advance 

 of Wallenstein, commander-in-chief of the 

 armies of the Emperor Ferdinand II. The 

 Swedish leader united his forces with those of 

 Duke Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, and after a 

 hard fight Wallenstein was forced to resign the 

 field of battle to the Swedes, but Gustavus 

 Adolphus was killed. This engagement was of 

 signal importance, for it saved the day for 

 Protestantism in Germany. The second battle 

 occurred on May 2, 1813, not far south of the 

 scene of the first battle. It was the first great 

 combat of the united Russian and Prussian 

 army with Napoleon's forces. Superiority in 

 number gained the victory for the French, al- 

 though 20,000 men were lost. By this engage- 

 ment the French regained possession of Saxony 

 and the Elbe. 



LUX'EMBURG, a land-locked grand duchy 

 in Europe, one of the smallest independent 

 states in the world. Its 999 square miles are 

 hemmed in by Belgium and Germany, except 

 for a strip of about fifteen miles which touches 

 France. Luxemburg is one of the striking 

 examples of artificial boundaries created by 



the jealousies of the great European powers. 

 The duchy originally included a much larger 

 portion, which is now a province of Belgium. 

 The Belgians tried to incorporate the whole 

 of Luxemburg into their kingdom after the 

 revolution of 1830, but the powers insisted on 

 forming the independent state which is now 

 the grand duchy. Most of its inhabitants (259,- 

 891 in 1910) are of German origin, and speak a 



LOCATION MAP 



The grand duchy is a little smaller than the 

 state of Rhode Island. 



German dialect, with which a great many 

 French words are mixed. French is the lan- 

 guage of the court and of business, and is 

 common along the Belgian and French fron- 

 tiers. Commercially Luxemburg is largely de- 

 pendent on Germany. 



Physical Features. Physically, as in other 

 ways, Luxemburg is not a unit. The northern 

 part is a continuation of the Ardennes Plateau, 

 and rises to an occasional height of nearly 2,000 

 feet. The southern portion is noticeably lower, 

 is an extension of the Lorraine Plateau, and is 

 remarkable for its fertility. Practically the 

 entire duchy lies in the basin of the River Mo- 

 selle, which with its chief tributaries, the Our 

 and the Sure, drains eastward. The climate is 

 more changeable than that of Belgium and not 

 as mild. 



Industries. Most of the people are depend- 

 ent on agriculture, over one-half of the total 

 area being arable lands. Cereals and fruits, 

 especially grapes, are extensively raised. Lux- 

 emburg also has rich deposits of iron, copper 

 and lead, but only the iron mines are being 

 worked on a large scale. Echternach and Die- 

 kirch have great blast furnaces, but Luxem- 

 burg, the capital city, is the chief manufactur- 

 ing center. Besides pig iron and iron products 

 the duchy is a large manufacturer of leather, 



