McGILLIVRAY 



3560 



MACHINE 



tia, are universities in close relationship with 

 McGill, especially in the faculty of engineering. 



McGill College and University is nominally 

 under the control of the Crown, but is. really a 

 private, endowed institution. The endowment 

 exceeds $3,000,000 and there are 144,000 vol- 

 umes in the library. The student enrolment is 

 over 2,100, and the faculty numbers about 180. 

 Thousands of its alumni and undergraduates 

 served their country in the great War of the 

 Nations. 



McGILLIVRAY, ma gil' i vri, ALEXANDER 

 (about 1740-1793), a chief of the Creek Indians, 

 who took an active part against the colonists 

 in the Revolutionary War (see CREEKS). Mc- 

 Gillivray was the son of a Scotch trader and 

 a half-breed Indian woman of royal stock, and 

 was educated in Charleston, S. C. After his 

 return to the Creek country, now Alabama, he 

 acquired wealth by trading, and on the death 

 of his mother succeeded to the leadership of 

 the tribe, assuming the title "emperor of the 

 Creeks." On the outbreak of the Revolution- 

 ary War his estates were appropriated by Geor- 

 gia and he and his warriors joined forces with 

 the British. Until 1790 he was a prominent 

 instigator in the border hostilities, but visited 

 New York in that year and made a treaty of 

 peace in behalf of his tribe. He also resigned 

 his commission as colonel in the Spanish serv- 

 ice for the commission of major-general in the 

 service of the United States but continued to 

 rule as chief of the Creeks until his death. 



MACHAR, makahr', AGNES MAULE (1856- 

 ), also well known under her pen name of 

 FIDELIS, a Canadian poet and writer of short 

 stories, one who is distinguished not merely for 

 excellence in composition but also for a high 

 moral quality. "If there is something to be 

 said for the right, a wrong to be redressed or 

 a warning word uttered, I think we should 

 always be ready with our pen." Much of her 

 literary taste and aspiration comes to her nat- 

 urally from her father, who was the second 

 principal of Queen's University. From early 

 youth she has been a contributor to periodicals 

 at home and abroad, especially to the Canadian 

 Magazine, the Century Magazine and the 

 Westminster Review. In 1887 she won a prize 

 offered by a Toronto journal for the best poem 

 on the Queen's jubilee. Among her many pub- 

 lished works are For King and Country; Katie 

 Johnson's Cross; Lucy Raymond; Stories of 

 New France; Roland Graeme, Knight; Lays 

 of the True North, a collection of her poems; 

 and Stories of the British Empire. 



MACHIAVELLI, mah kyahvel'le, NICCOLO 

 (1469-1527), an Italian statesman whose name 

 has long been regarded as synonymous with all 

 that is deep, dark and treacherous in states- 

 manship. This reputation has clung to him 

 because of his remarkable book The Prince. 

 In this he argued that Italy could become a 

 united nation only through the leadership of 

 a despotic prince who would use any means, no 

 matter how wicked, to create a new state. 

 Machiavelli was a native of Florence and lived 

 in troublous times, during the exile of the 

 Medici family and the republican influence of 

 Savonarola. For fourteen years he held the 

 position of first secretary of the council of the 

 Florentine republic, and proved himself an effi- 

 cient officer but never a leader of men. He 

 was sent on many missions, during one of 

 which he was closely associated with the un- 

 scrupulous Cesare Borgia, who infatuated him 

 and whom he idealized as a perfect prince and 

 hero. In 1512 the Medici returned to power, 

 and Machiavelli was deprived of his office. He 

 retired from political life and devoted himself 

 to literature. His best-known works are a 

 History of Florence, The Art of War, Dis 

 courses Upon the Ten First Books of Li 

 several comedies and, most famous of all, 

 Prince. He may be regarded as the founder 

 that school of politics which recognizes no 

 moral law and separates ethics and politics. 



MACHINE, ma sheen'. A machine is 

 device that will perform work. The ham 

 whose claw will pull a nail from a board i 

 machine. The pulley is as truly a machine 

 is the locomotive; the difference lies in 

 amount of work each can perform, in 

 comparative complexity, and in the manner 

 which their work is performed. 



The age in which we live is often descri 

 as the age of the machine, and for the best of 

 reasons. The coming of machines to supplant 

 hand labor separated the old-world order from 

 the new and gave a demonstration of the 

 truth that "time maketh ancient good un- 

 couth." The changes it wrought were profound 

 and far-reaching they penetrated every de- 

 partment of life. Indeed, it is probably no 

 exaggeration to say that the life of the ave 

 man of to-day differs more from that 

 Frenchman living in the reign of the 

 Louis XIV than the latter's life differed from 

 that of a Roman citizen under the 

 Machines, naturally, did not bring about 

 these changes, but their influence was 

 great. 



