MADISON 



3584 



MADISON 



of the treaty of peace, further added to the un- 

 popularity of the Federalists, and for years the 

 term "Hartford Convention Federalists" was an 

 epithet of reproach. The nation finally realized 

 that the war had been fought in a just cause 

 and that its conduct had not been wholly 

 blameworthy. 



Nationalist Tendencies. It is a paradox, but 

 nevertheless true, that the war caused the death 

 of the Federalist party, an organization of 

 nationalist tendencies, but it also compelled 

 the Republicans to adopt these same national- 

 ist political ideas. For a time after the end of 

 the war the country had only one political 

 party, whose principles were derived from those 

 of the two older parties. The general recogni- 

 tion of the broad powers of the Federal gov- 

 ernment was shown in various ways. First 

 there was a vigorous effort to strengthen the 

 means of national defense. Next there was the 

 chartering of the second Bank of the United 

 States (which see) in 1816, a measure which 

 Madison approved. In the same year Congress 

 began to appropriate large sums of money for 

 public roads and other "internal improvements" 

 which were more or less local in character. On 

 the propriety or wisdom of such appropriations 

 Madison differed from his party. Still another 

 symptom was the tone of judicial decisions, 

 especially the opinion of Chief Justice Marshall 

 in the case of McCulloch versus Maryland, in 

 which he gave a clear definition of the relation 

 between the Federal and state governments and 

 stated in detail the court's theory of the su- 

 preme and exclusive authority of the former. 



One of the most important evidences of the 

 new nationalist spirit was the passage of the 

 first really protective tariff, that of 1816. It 

 was natural that the patriotism called forth by 

 the period of embargo, nonintercourse and war 

 should be followed by a disposition to encour- 

 age domestic manufacture of the articles whose 

 foreign supply had been cut off. Madison's 

 views on this subject, as on others, shifted from 

 time to time, but in 1816 he recommended a 

 protective tariff for the encouragement of manu- 

 factures. There was as yet, however, neither 

 in Congress nor among the people, a sentiment 

 in favor of permanent protection. There was 

 rather a feeling that assistance should be 

 granted to the manufacturing industries which 

 had arisen during the war. The tariff of 1816 

 increased the general average of duties to about 

 twenty per cent, as a means of providing in- 

 terest on the heavy debt caused by the war, 

 and placed higher duties on textile fabrics. 



Quiet and Leisure of Old Age. Madison was 

 succeeded as President by James Monroe, who 

 was Madison's Secretary of State, just as Madi- 

 son had served Jefferson, his predecessor. Mon- 

 roe received the electoral votes of all but three 

 states, which voted for Rufus King, the last 

 Federalist candidate for President. At the con- 

 clusion of his term Madison retired to his home 

 at Montpelier, Va., where he died on June 28, 

 1836. In his later years he took much interest 

 in education, and was especially eager to de- 

 velop the University of Virginia. His last pub- 

 lic service was as a member of the Virginia con- 

 stitutional convention of 1829. To the end he 

 remained a distinguished figure, and his wife's 

 charm and the hospitality of their home helped 

 to sustain his prestige. Mrs. Madison survived 

 her husband until 1849. W.F.Z. 



Consult Gay's James Madison,, in American 

 Statesmen Series ; Hunt's Life of James Madison. 

 John Quincy Adams wrote The Lives of James 

 Madison and James Monroe, a valuable book 

 which is still in print. 



MAD'ISON, Wis., the capital of the state, 

 the county seat of Dane County and a noted 

 seat of learning, situated in the southern part 

 of the state, about midway between the east- 

 ern and western borders. Milwaukee is sev- 

 enty-five miles east, Chicago is 130 miles south- 

 east and Saint Paul is 268 miles northwest. 

 Three trunk lines serve the city, the Chicago 

 & North Western; the Chicago, Milwaukee & 

 Saint Paul and the Illinois Central railways. 

 In 1916 the population was estimated by the 

 Census Bureau to be 30,699; in 1910 it was 

 25,531. The area is a little less than six square 

 miles. 



Lakes and Drives. Few cities of the United 

 States possess as great natural beauty as Madi- 

 son enjoys, from its unique location between 

 Lake Mendota (Great Lake) and Lake Monona 

 (Spirit Lake), 845 feet above sea level and 210 

 feet above Lake Michigan. These two lakes 

 are part of a chain of four lakes linked by the 

 Yahara River; Waubesa (Swan) and Kegonsa 

 (Fish) lakes, complete the chain. Longfellow, 

 in his tribute to "The Four Lakes of Madison," 

 described them in part as 



"Four lovely handmaids that uphold 

 Their shining mirrors rimmed with gold, 

 To the fair city of the West." 



Seldom does an inland city have so extensive 

 a water front. Above this level, hills and bluffs 

 covered with trees and shrubs rise to an eleva- 

 tion of from forty to 125 feet, and wherever 

 possible this natural beauty has been improved 





