MADONNA AND HER BABE 



3587 



MADRAS 



destroyed in 1812, and the fresco removed to 

 the town gallery. 



Titian ranks next to Raphael and Correggio 

 in his portrayal of the Virgin. In hi's Madonna 

 with Roses, in the Uffizi Gallery, Florence, the 

 Babe holds his two little hands full of roses 

 which his cousin, Saint John, has brought him, 

 and the mother smiles gently at the eagerness 

 of the two children. 



But to return to the earlier schools. Fra 

 Filippo Lippi, the gay artist-monk, was the first 

 to portray the incarnation of mother love and 

 childish innocence. Many of the famous art 

 galleries of Europe hold as their treasures Ma- 

 donna paintings from his able brush. 



Giovanni Bellini, of the Venetian school, is 

 known throughout the world for his enthroned 

 Madonnas. Of his painting for the chapel in 

 San Giobbe, but now hanging in the Venice 

 Academy, Ruskin said that it was "one of the 

 greatest pictures ever painted in Christendom 

 in her central art power." It is a large compo- 

 sition with three saints at each side and three 

 choristers below. His Madonna between Saint 

 George and Saint Paul, in the Venice Academy, 

 is accounted among the rare treasures of Italian 

 art. 



Botticelli's Madonna of the Pomegranate in 

 the Uffizi, Florence, shows the figures at half 

 length. The Virgin, encircled by angels, holds 

 the Child half reclining on her lap. Her face is 

 sad, as is characteristic of the Madonnas of this 

 master, and the Child has absorbed her mood. 



The artists of Northern Europe did not pro- 

 duce many great Madonnas, and few now re- 

 main. In their art the Virgin invariably wears 

 a crown, whether she sits on a throne or is 

 placed in a pastoral environment. Their fore- 

 most example is the celebrated Holbein Ma- 

 donna of Darmstadt, known as the Madonna of 

 Burgomaster Meyer, now in the Dresden Gal- 

 lery. The Madonna wears a high, golden crown, 

 embossed and edged with pearls. This noble 

 figure sums up the finest elements in the Ma- 

 donna of the North. Other Madonnas not to 

 be overlooked of this school are those by Van 

 Eyck and the woodcuts of Albrecht Diirer. 



Murillo is the foremost representative of the 

 Spanish school. He alone of the seventeenth 

 century kept 'alive the pure flame of religious 

 fervor imbued by the devout Italians of the 

 early school. Examples of the best of his art 

 are to be found in the Pitti Gallery, Florence, 

 and in the Louvre, Paris. 



Of the modern schools, Defregger, Boden- 

 hauser, Bouguereau followed Raphael in repre- 



senting the Queen of Heaven as a full-length 

 figure in the sky, but their conceptions lack the 

 dignity of Raphael, the master. R.D.M. 



Consult Karoly's The Madonnas of Raphael; 

 Kuril's The Madonna in Art. 



MADRAS , ma drahs ' , the capital of the 

 province of Madras, on the eastern coast of the 

 Peninsula of India. It is the third city in size 

 and importance of India, exceeded only by 

 Calcutta and Bombay, and although it has a 

 large sea trade its anchorage for vessels is poor. 

 A great deal has been done to improve the har- 

 bor, yet it is so unsafe during the cyclones that 

 occur so often on its coast that the larger ships 

 are always warned to put to sea. In spite of 

 this drawback Madras has a large trade in cot- 

 ton, rice, coffee, hides and skins, a great many 

 of these products coming from the interior on' 

 the three canals and the several railroads that 

 center there. 



Though the Portuguese founded the village 

 of Saint Thome, now a part of Madras, in 

 1504, the city itself dates from 1639, when an 

 Indian rajah granted" some land to a British 

 subject. A fortified factory was built, and soon 

 a village grew up around it, which became the 

 chief English settlement on the coasjb, with a 

 large body of English and native troops, civil 

 authorities and a customs house. Madras has 

 two large universities, several fine churches, a 

 large native hospital and many fine public 

 buildings. Population, 1911, 518,660. 



MADRAS, a province in the southern end of 

 British India, extending along the Bay of Ben- 

 gal on the east, with a long, narrow strip touch- 

 ing the Arabian Sea on the west, and bounded 

 by the provinces of Mysore, Hyderabad and 

 Orissa on the north and northwest. It has an 

 area of about 141,726 square miles, nearly equal 

 in size to the combined areas of North and 

 South Dakota, and over half as large as the 

 province of Alberta. The Eastern and Western 

 Ghats and the Nilgiri Mountains cover a great 

 part of its surface, the remainder being a high 

 plateau. The principal rivers are the Godavari 

 and Kistna, with their tributaries, which, with 

 the aid of irrigation, furnish moisture to fields 

 of cotton, spices, sugar cane, rice, fruit, wheat 

 and tea. Besides its variety of crops, Madras 

 boasts of forests of valuable wood, and mineral 

 products, among which are iron, gold, lead, gar- 

 net, diamonds and copper. 



Early in the fourteenth century the Moham- 

 medans invaded this territory, and later the 

 British, French and Dutch fought there for su- 

 premacy, the former eventually coming into 



