MANDALAY 



3621 



MANDARIN 



tute for rice; the stalks are used as building 

 material and fuel, and the leaves are made into 

 hats, baskets and brooms. 



There are three important railroads in Man- 

 churia, but these, with the country roads which 

 are very crude and sometimes impassable, can- 

 not take all of the crops to the markets, so 

 the boats and junks in summer and the ice 

 sledges in winter carry great loads down to the 

 big cities on or near the coast. 



The treaty after the Chinese-Japanese War 

 (which see) in 1894-1895 gave Japan Port Ar- 

 thur and one other important port. Russia, 

 France and Germany interfered and forced 

 Japan to give up this concession, for which 

 service Russia obtained a twenty-five year lease 

 of the port and other important privileges. 

 During the Boxer uprising in 1900, Russia sent 

 troops into Manchuria, which were not with- 

 drawn, and the Russo-Japanese War resulted. 

 The Treaty of Portsmouth at the close of the 

 war transferred to Japan this Russian lease of 

 the Liaotung Peninsula, which expires in 1923, 

 when it and the other rights granted Russia will 

 revert to China. See RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR. 



Buddhism is the popular religion of Man- 

 churia. In spite of the great natural wealth 

 of the country, the people live in terrible pov- 

 erty and ignorance. Y.T.T. 



For location, see colored map, in article Asia. 

 Consult Hosie's Manchuria, Its People, Resources 

 and Recent History. 



MANDALAY, man' da lay, a picturesque city 

 of India founded in 1860, which has been the 

 capital of Upper Burma since the British con- 

 quest of the country in 1885; for twenty-five 

 years previous it was the ruling city of the 

 independent kingdom of Burma. It is situated 

 on the left bank of the Irrawaddy River, 350 

 miles north of Rangoon, with which it is con- 

 nected by rail. In 1892 a disastrous fire de- 

 stroyed nearly the whole of the city, so many of 

 the buildings are of modern construction, while 

 the fine, shady streets are well lighted. In the 

 center of the city, which covers an area of six 

 square miles, is a quaint walled town, now 

 called Fort Dufferin and used as a British can- 

 tonment, or military station. Within the wall 

 are the royal palaces, made chiefly of teak- 

 wood, the government house and the hall of 

 justice. On the outskirts of the city there are 

 numerous monasteries, temples and pagodas, 

 the most famous being the Aracan Pagoda, con- 

 taining a brazen image of Buddha twelve feet 

 high. Silk-weaving is the most important in- 

 dustry of the 138,300 inhabitants. 



Kipling has immortalized the city in his 

 poem Mandalay, the opening stanza of which 

 follows : 



By the old Moulmein Pagoda, lookin' eastward 



to the sea, " 

 There's a Burma girl a-settin' and I know she 



thinks o' me ; 

 For the wind is in the palm-trees, and the temple 



bells they say: , 

 "Come you back, you British soldier, come you 



back to Mandalay !" 



MANDAMUS, manda'mus, a Latin word 

 meaning we command, is a term in law applied 

 to a writ issued by a superior court to compel 

 an inferior court, official, corporation or indi- 

 vidual to perform a public duty definitely pre- 

 scribed by law. The- writ of mandamus is 

 issued only when the ordinary channels of legal 

 procedure are closed to the parties injured by 

 the neglect of duty; its purpose is to secure 

 justice and to prevent disorder in the absence 

 of other legal remedies. For instance, the tax- 

 payers of municipality may petition the proper 

 court to direct a writ of mandamus to the 

 mayor requiring him to -close the saloons on 

 Sunday if the law specifically forbids liquor- 

 selling on that day. If the matter in question 

 is one in which the performance of duty is left 

 to the discretion of the official the writ of 

 mandamus cannot be used as a remedy. That 

 is, the duty must be clear and unquestioned, 

 not a matter of judgment. See WRIT; INJUNC- 

 TION. 



MAN 'DAN, a tribe of vigorous, interesting 

 Indians of Siouan stock, who have been almost 

 wiped out by epidemics of smallpox and by 

 raids by the Sioux. Only about 200 yet remain, 

 and they live on the Fort Berthold Reserva- 

 tion in Western North Dakota. Little is known 

 of their early history except that they were 

 gradually crowded north along the Missouri 

 River, and finally, in 1837, were reduced to one 

 village on the Knife River. In 1870 they were 

 living near the mouth of the Heart River, a 

 tributary of the Missouri. Their houses, built 

 of logs, were low and circular, roofed and 

 chinked with mud and grasses. Great herds 

 of buffalo on the plains supplied them with 

 meat and warm robes for the long, cold win- 

 ters. The crudely-dressed hides, when stretched 

 between posts, made comfortable beds; placed 

 over willow frames, they formed queer, tub- 

 like canoes. The Mandans raised beans, corn, 

 sunflowers and tobacco. 



MANDARIN, man'darin, the English name 

 applied to high officials of China, military, 

 judicial and civil, before the republic was estab- 



