MARLBOROUGH 



3656 



MARLOWE 



During King Philip's War in 1676 the town was 

 almost completely destroyed by the Indians. 

 From the original township, Westboro was 

 founded in 1717, Southboro in 1727, and Hud- 

 son in 1866. F.L.G. 



MARLBOROUGH, mahrl'boruh, or mawrl' 

 bruh, JOHN CHURCHILL, Duke of (1650-1722), 

 one of England's greatest generals. Born at 

 Ashe in Devonshire, and educated at Saint 

 Paul's school, London, he entered the army 

 very early and first saw service at Tangier, 

 fighting against the Moors. Under the great 

 General Turenne he served against the Nether- 

 lands, in the first battles in which musketry 

 and artillery entirely replaced the old-style 

 weapons. The promotion of Churchill was 

 rapid, and though he showed ability his rise 

 was mainly due to the influence of his sister. 

 His marriage to Sarah Jennings, lady-in-wait- 

 ing to Princess Anne, secured him the favor of 

 that princess, and when the Duke of York as- 

 cended the throne as James II, he became more 

 powerful and was placed in charge of the troops 

 to suppress the Monmouth rebellion, which he 

 did most thoroughly. 



As the Roman Catholic inclinations of James 

 II became more clearly indicated, Churchill 

 gradually withdrew from important affairs and 

 was one of the first to join William III when 

 he was invited to accept the English crown. 

 William realized Churchill's influence with the 

 army, so he created him Earl of Marlborough 

 and gave him important commands. On the 

 outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession 

 William placed him in command of the British 

 troops in the Netherlands. 



On the death of William the Princess Anne 

 came to the throne, and Marlborough was in 

 royal favor. The Duchess of Marlborough 

 dominated the queen, and Marlborough felt 

 that his power was on a solid basis. He was 

 appointed captain-general of the Dutch forces, 

 and he conducted some remarkably successful 

 operations against the French, driving them 

 out of Liege and other towns, for which service 

 he was created Duke of Marlborough. The 

 French and Bavarian lines at Donauworth were 

 stormed, and he effected a union with the forces 

 of Prince Eugene of Austria, in conjunction 

 with whom he obtained the decisive victory of 

 Blenheim. Later followed the victories of 

 Ramillies, Oudenarde . and Malplaquet. The 

 road to Paris was open, but Marlborough had 

 lost his influence at home and could not follow 

 up his advantages. His haughty wife had 

 offended the queen, who at last asserted herself 



and dismissed the duchess from the court. 

 Marlborough was relieved of his command and 

 accused of embezzlement of public money. 

 Deprived of his offices, he yet had a fortune, 

 granted him for his military services, and he 

 retired from public life. 



Although the character and motives of Marl- 

 borough have been strongly assailed, his mili- 

 tary genius has never been impeached. His 

 final downfall was not due to any lack of 

 ability on his part, but to the duchess's in- 

 ability to curb her haughty temper. After 

 Queen Anne's death in 1714, Marlborough was 

 again appointed captain-general by George I, 

 but he took no active part in affairs and re- 

 mained in retirement on his estate. F.ST.A. 



Consult Green's History of the English People; 

 Alison's Military Life of the Duke of Marlbor- 

 ough. 



Related Subjects. The reader is referred to 

 the following articles in these volumes : 

 Anne Monmouth, Duke of 



Blenheim Succession Wars 



James II William III 



MARLOWE, mahr'lo, CHRISTOPHER (1564- 

 1593), the first English writer of great tragedies 

 and the first to use the form of blank verse. 

 He blazed the trail for Shakespeare, who was 

 soon to follow. Marlowe was of humble par- 

 entage, his father being a shoemaker in Canter- 

 bury; his education was completed at Cam- 

 bridge. After graduation, he went to London, 

 where he immediately began to write plays. 

 He was associated in college days and later 

 with brilliant men, leaders in literary and dra- 

 matic art and was one of what was called Sir 

 Walter Raleigh's School of Atheism. He was 

 an original and brilliant thinker, no doubt 

 urged to extremes by the stupid dogmatism of 

 his time. He met his death in a quarrel. His 

 greatest works are Tamburlaine the Great, Ed- 

 ward II, Doctor Faustus and the Jew of Malta. 



MARLOWE, mahr'lo, JULIA (1870- ' ), 

 known in private life as Mrs. Edward Hugh 

 Sothern, is an American actress of unusual per- 

 sonal charm. Her specialty was in Shakespear- 

 ean roles, such as Portia in Merchant of Ven- 

 ice, Juliet in Romeo and Juliet, and Rosalind 

 in As You Like It. After 1904 she appeared 

 almost continuously in these roles for ten years 

 with Mr. Sothern, whom she married on August 

 17, 1911. 



Although born in Cumberlandshire, England, 

 Julia Marlowe, whose real name was SARAH 

 FRANCES FROST, moved with her parents, at the 

 age of five, to America, and settled in Kansas. 



