MARSHALL 



3664 



MARSHALL 



The United States marshal is an officer of the 

 Federal courts, his duties being to open and 

 close the sessions of the district and circuit 

 courts, and to serve the processes of the courts 

 of his district. Deputy United States marshals 

 make arrests for violation of Federal laws. 

 There are United States marshals in each Fed- 

 eral judicial district of the Union, which means 

 there may be more than one in each state, and 

 this statement also includes Alaska, Hawaii, 

 Porto Rico and the Philippines. They are ap- 

 pointed by the President, with consent of the 

 Senate, for a period of four years. 



Temporary police sworn in for special occa- 

 sions are also called marshals, and in villages 

 and small towns the chief police officer also 

 receives this title. 



MARSHALL, JOHN (1755-1835), is the most 

 famous of the jurists who have served as Chief 

 Justice of the United States Supreme Court, 

 and his term of thirty-four years is the longest 

 thus far in the history of the nation's highest 

 tribunal. When John Jay, the first Chief Jus- 

 tice, resigned in 1795, he declared that the 

 Supreme Court would never possess dignity and 

 power because of the character of its organiza- 

 tion. Chief Justice Marshall, by adopting new 

 methods of procedure, gave the court the 

 authority he believed it was intended it should 

 exert, and by his masterly analysis of con- 

 stitutional questions set a precedent for the 

 interpretation of nearly every point of the 

 Constitution as it existed before the War of 

 Secession. 



John Marshall 

 was born on Sep- 

 tember 24, 1755, 

 at Germantown, 

 Va. On the out- 

 break of the Rev- 

 olutionary War 

 he gave up, for 

 the time being, 

 the law studies 

 which .were occu- 

 pying his atten- 

 tion and became 

 a volunteer in the 



JOHN MARSHALL 

 Because of the far-reaching 

 importance of his decisions 

 patriot army. By during thirty-four years as 

 Chief Justice of the United 

 States Supreme Court he has 

 been called the "second maker 

 of the Constitution." 



1777 he had risen 

 to the rank of 

 captain, and 

 when, in 1781, he resigned his command, he 

 had suffered at Valley Forge during the ter- 

 rible winter of 1777-1778, and had taken an 

 honored part in the battles of Brandy wine, 



Germantown and Monmouth, and in the 

 storming of Stony Point. During the greater 

 part of the year 1780 he attended a course of 

 lectures in law at William and Mary College, 

 and the following year was admitted to- the bar. 



Between 1782 and 1787 Marshall was several 

 times elected to the state legislature of Vir- 

 ginia, and in 1788 he was chosen a delegate to 

 the state convention which adopted the Fed- 

 eral Constitution. In that assembly he and 

 James Madison led the debate in favor of 

 ratification. During the next few years his 

 reputation as a lawyer constantly widened, and 

 he was asked by President Washington to 

 accept the position of Attorney-General of the 

 United States. He declined this honor, but 

 consented to go to Paris in 1797 with C. C. 

 Pinckney and Elbridge Gerry to settle various 

 questions arising from restrictions on American 

 commerce. On his return to the United States 

 he was elected to Congress, and in 1800 held 

 for a brief period the office of Secretary of 

 State in the Cabinet of President John Adams. 



On January 31, 1801, Marshall began his 

 epoch-making career as Chief Justice of the 

 Supreme Court. Of the cases which came be- 

 fore the tribunal, and on which he rendered 

 decisions, four in particular deserve mention. 

 The first case involved the right of the Supreme 

 Court to take cases on appeal from state 

 courts; Marshall's decision settled for all time 

 the supremacy of the national tribunal. A sec- 

 ond decision established the principle that the 

 power of state courts and legislatures cannot 

 extend to institutions established by the na- 

 tional government when acting under powers 

 granted by the Federal Constitution. The case 

 in point was the result of a dispute between the 

 Bank of the United States and th'e state of 

 Maryland, the former having refused to pay a 

 tax imposed by the state government. For the 

 details of the most celebrated case which came 

 before the Supreme Court during Marshall's 

 term of office, see DARTMOUTH COLLEGE, sub- 

 head Dartmouth College. Case. M.R.F. 



Consult Magruder's John Marshall; Flanders' 

 Life of John Marshall. 



MARSHALL, THOMAS RILEY (1854- ), an 

 American lawyer, governor and Vice-President 

 of the United States, in the administrations of 

 President Woodrow Wilson. He was born at 

 North Manchester, Ind., and attended Wabash 

 College at Crawfordsville of the same state, 

 from which he was graduated in 1873. Later 

 he received degrees from Notre Dame and the 

 University of Pennsylvania. At the age of 



