MARX 



3669 



MARY 



tyrs, which, in 731, was changed by Gregory III 

 to include all saints. 



MARX, marks, [HEINRICH] KARL (1818-1883), 

 the founder of modern socialism, was born at 

 Treves, Germany, of Jewish parentage. After 

 completing his education at the universities of 

 Bonn and Berlin, he became editor of a paper 

 of liberal tendencies, published at Cologne. In 

 1843, shortly before this periodical was sup- 

 pressed by the German government, he re- 

 moved to Paris, where he came into close touch 

 with a group of French socialists and assisted 

 in editing one of their organs. The most potent 

 influence in his life, however, was the friend- 

 ship which he formed with Friedrich Engels, 

 another German pioneer in socialism. To- 

 gether they worked out a program known as 

 the Communist Manifesto, which was issued in 

 1847 at a radical congress held in England. It 

 advocated such revolutionary measures as a 

 progressive income tax, abolition of inheritance 

 rights, national control of railways and all 

 means of communication, abolition of child 

 labor in factories and free education in public 

 schools. 



Marx devoted the rest of his life to the work 

 of spreading his socialistic views. This he did 

 by means of his pen and through his genius for 

 organization. In 1864 he realized the great 

 ambition of his life when he united into one 

 great league the laborers of the civilized world 

 the International Workingmen's Association. 

 Five years later he helped to found in Germany 

 the Social Democratic Labor party. The best 

 exposition of his views on political economy is 

 to be found in his Das Kapital (Capital). In 

 this he asserts that all industries should be 

 controlled by the state and not by individuals, 

 a fundamental principle of socialism. See 

 SOCIALISM. 



Consult Aveling's The Students' Marx; Spar- 

 go's Karl Marx, His Life and Work. 



MARY, the name of two queens famous in 

 the history of England. 



Mary I (1516-1558), queen of England and 

 fourth sovereign of the Tudor line, is known 

 as "Bloody Mary" because of the persecutions 

 which she sanctioned in her determination to 

 restore Roman Catholic worship to her realm. 

 Over 300 persons were put to death, the most 

 eminent of the martyrs being Cranmer, Ridley 

 and Latimer. Mary, who was the daughter of 

 Henry VIII and Catharine of Aragon, ascended 

 the throne in 1553 on the death of Edward VI, 

 after the unsuccessful attempt to set her aside 

 in favor of Lady Jane Grey, "the nine-day 



MARY TUDOR 



queen." Her first measures were the repeal of 

 all the religious statutes of Edward VI, and 

 the revival of severe laws against heresy. Car- 

 dinal Pole was sent to England as the papal 

 representative, and the kingdom formally re- 

 stored to the Ro- 

 man Church. 

 She further dis- 

 pleased her sub- 

 jects by her mar- 

 riage to Philip II 

 of Spain. Under 

 his influence the 

 queen waged a 

 war with France 

 resulting in the 

 loss of Calais, 

 which fell in 1558, 

 after it had been in English hands over 200 

 years. This event was a source of deepest sor- 

 row to the queen, who died shortly after. 



Mary II (1662-1694) was the eldest daughter 

 of James II and Anna Hyde, the latter the 

 daughter of the Earl of Clarendon. When she 

 was fifteen years of age the Princess Mary be- 

 came the wife of William, Prince of Orange, 

 President of the Dutch Republic. When, by 

 the "Glorious Revolution of 1688," James II 

 was dethroned, the crown of England was ac- 

 cepted by William in accordance with his 

 wife's claims to royal birth, and in response to 

 an invitation from certain eminent nobles of 

 the realm. In 1689 William and Mary were 

 crowned joint sovereigns, with the understand- 

 ing that the administration of affairs should be 

 vested in the king. Mary, however, showed 

 herself capable of acting with courage and good 

 judgment when William was necessarily absent 

 from England, and historians join in praising 

 her for her unchanging loyalty to her husband. 

 In her private life she was sincerely pious, mod- 

 est and charitable. Five years after her acces- 

 sion she died of smallpox. 



Consult Froude's The Reign of Mary Tudor; 

 Rait's Five Stuart Princesses. 



Related Subjects. The reader who desires 

 further information as to the events of these 



reigns is referred to the following articles in 

 these volumes : 



Calais James II 



Catharine of Aragon Latimer, Hugh 



Cranmer, Thomas Ridley, Nicholas 



Grey, Lady Jane William III 

 Henry VIII 



MARY, THE VIRGIN, the mother of Jesus, a 

 daughter of a patrician family, who lived hum- 

 bly and obscurely in Nazareth. In a stable at 



