MAZARIN 



3707 



MAZZINI 



the meetings of the board of aldermen. He is 

 also ex officio justice of the peace. The mayor 

 is chosen by the council, his term of office is 

 one year, and he is eligible for reelection. The 

 title lord mayor is borne by the mayors of the 

 cities of London, Dublin and York. The lord 

 mayor of London has jurisdiction over the an- 

 cient inner city alone, and his principal func- 

 tion is to maintain the hospitality of the city. 

 To carry out this duty he is granted an allow- 

 ance of $40,000 a year and the use of the man- 

 sion house. 



The heads of councils in Canadian cities are 

 known as mayors, wardens and reeves. Their 

 chief duties are to preside over meetings of the 

 council, to execute the laws passed for the gov- 

 ernment of the municipality, to supervise the 

 conduct of all subordinate officers, to recom- 

 mend to the council measures for the improve- 

 ment of the municipality, and to see that negli- 

 gent officials are punished. During their terms 

 of office, heads of councils are ex-officio justices 

 of the peace. 



In small cities the mayor's salary is very 

 small; sometimes he serves without compensa- 

 tion. In great cities he is well paid and during 

 his term of office gives his entire attention to 

 the task of governing his city. The highest 

 salaried mayor in the United States is that of 

 Chicago, $18,000. New York City pays $15,000. 

 The mayor of Montreal receives $10,000, the 

 largest amount paid in Canada. W.B.G. 



MAZARIN, mazaraN', JULES or JULIUS 

 (1602-1661), a French statesman of Sicilian par- 

 entage, who succeeded the celebrated Cardinal 

 Richelieu as prime minister of France. Edu- 

 cated by the Jesuits at Rome and in Alcala, 

 Spain, he entered the Papal service and went 

 to France as the Pope's messenger. Richelieu, 

 prime minister under Louis XIII, thought well 

 of the young Italian and persuaded him to en- 

 ter the French diplomatic service. In 1632 he 

 became a naturalized Frenchman and in 1641 

 was made a cardinal. 



On Richelieu's death the following year he 

 was made prime minister, and although Louis 

 XIII died in 1643, Mazarin had so firmly in- 

 trenched himself in the graces of the queen re- 

 gent, Anne of Austria, that he continued in that 

 position much against the wishes of the French. 

 Although he was less forbidding and severe 

 than Richelieu, Mazarin continued the great 

 statesman's policy of keeping the entire power 

 in the hands of the Crown, and of unmerciful 

 taxation, carrying out his plans so successfully 

 that he aroused the violent enmity of both the 



people and the nobles of France. Resistance 

 to his method brought on the civil war of the 

 Fronde in 1648 (see FRONDE). He was twice 

 expelled from court, in 1651 and 1652, but re- 

 turned in 1653, and continued all-poWerful in 

 France until his death, eight years later. 



MAZE. See LABYRINTH, for description and 

 illustration. 



MAZEPPA, mazep'a, IVAN STEFANOVITCH 

 (1640-1709), a famous hetman, or leader of the 

 Cossacks, whose story has been celebrated in 

 poetry, art and fiction. Byron's well-known lines, 

 from his poem Mazeppa, express the admira- 

 tion felt for him by his companions: 



Of all our band, 



Though firm of heart and strong of hand, 

 In skirmish, march, or forage, none 

 Can less have said or more have done 

 Than thee, Mazeppa ! On the earth 

 So fit a pair had never birth, 

 Since Alexander's days till now, 

 As thy Bucephalus and thou. 



He was born in Podolia, a district in Western 

 Russia, of poor but noble Russian parents, and 

 became a page in the service of John Casimir, 

 king of Poland. A Polish nobleman, who sur- 

 prised him in an intrigue with his wife, had 

 him stripped and bound to his own horse. Ly- 

 ing upon his back, and with his head to the 

 animal's tail, Mazeppa was borne aimlessly 

 away. The horse took him to his own home, 

 from which, in shame, he fled to the Ukraine 

 in Southwestern Russia, where he joined the 

 Cossacks. Through his strength and courage 

 Mazeppa rose to high distinction among them, 

 and in 1687 was elected their hetman. He won 

 the esteem of Peter the Great, who made him 

 Prince of the Ukraine, but later he conceived 

 the idea of gaining complete independence for 

 the Cossacks and for this purpose joined Charles 

 XII of Sweden. Mazeppa took part in the Bat- 

 tle of Pultowa, after which he fled to Bender, 

 where he died the same year. 



MAZZINI, mahtse'ne, GIUSEPPE (1808-1872), 

 a celebrated Italian patriot who played a large 

 part in the unification of Italy. He was born 

 in Genoa, studied in the university there, and 

 later practiced law. He had a strong desire to 

 see the various little states into which Italy 

 had been partitioned united under a central 

 government, and early began agitating the sub- 

 ject. In 1830 he joined the Carbonari, and was 

 recognized as so active and dangerous a mem- 

 ber that he was exiled from Italy. He lived 

 first in Marseilles, then in Switzerland and later 

 in London, but in each place maintained cor- 

 respondence with the liberal republican faction 



