MISSAL 



3843 



MISSIONS AND MISSIONARIES 



crete bridges. About 5,000 people are employed 

 in the three most prominent plants, whose 

 products are wool boots, rubber goods, heavy 

 machinery and water softener ; windmills, furni- 

 ture, church organs and launches are also ex- 

 tensively manufactured. Among the notable 

 buildings are the Federal building, city hall, 

 the $100,000 high school, the Methodist Epis- 

 copal church, erected at a cost of $200,000, and 

 the Carnegie Libraiy. 



Mishawaka is one of the oldest cities in 

 Northern Indiana. It was settled in 1828 and 

 incorporated in 1834 as Saint Joseph Iron 

 Works. The change of name was authorized by 

 a special act of the legislature. Mishawaka was 

 the name of an Indian chief. F.A.P. 



MISSAL, mis'al, the book which contains 

 the prayers and complete yearly service for the 

 celebration of mass in the Roman Catholic 

 Church, the name being derived from missa, 

 meaning the mass. It was formed by uniting 

 the separate books used in the service into one 

 volume. In order to correct variations the 

 Council of Trent ordered its revision, which was 

 done by Pope Pius V in 1570, and its use was 

 commanded in all churches which failed to 

 show that its service book, or ritual, had been 

 in unbroken use for two hundred years. Sub- 

 sequent revisions were made in 1604 by Pope 

 Clement VIII, and by Urban VIII thirty years 

 later. Pope Leo XIII also made slight re- 

 visions regarding the rules in 1884 and in 1898. 



MISSIONARY RIDGE, BATTLE OF. See 

 CHATTANOOGA, BATTLE OF. 



MISSIONS AND MISSIONARIES, mish 

 unz,-mish'unariz. It is through its missions 

 and the consecrated workers who make them 

 possible that the Christian Church is attempt- 

 ing to carry the gospel to all peoples. The im- 

 mediate followers of Jesus became the first 

 missionaries of earth. Paul is known as the 

 great missionary to the Gentiles, and the work 

 inaugurated by him and continued by his suc- 

 cessors resulted, by the middle of the fourth 

 century, in bringing the entire Roman Empire 

 under Christian rule. 



The second great missionary task was the 

 conversion of Northern Europe, and this ab- 

 sorbed the energies of the Church for a thou- 

 sand years. Illustrious names of this epoch are 

 those of Ulfilas, the Apostle to the Goths; Pat- 

 rick, missionary to Ireland, Columba, who car- 

 ried the gospel to Scotland, and Augustine, the 

 first Archbishop of Canterbury. Germany's 

 early apostle was Boniface, who courageously 

 attacked its pagan practices by cutting down 



the ancient oak that had for centuries been the 

 place of sacrifice to the terrible god Thor. 

 Ansgar, in the extremity of heroism, carried 

 the gospel to the untamed Scandinavian^, and 

 Vladimir braved death to preach to the early 

 Russian tribes. 



The method of the missionaries of this era 

 was to convert the kings from heathenism and 

 then to baptize all of their subjects, the work 

 of education naturally taking centuries to com- 

 plete. As late as the thirteenth century several 

 Slavic tribes still offered human sacrifice, and 

 the people of Lapland and other far Northern 

 regions were not brought to a knowledge of 

 Christianity until after the Protestant Refor- 

 mation. 



Missionary effort in all lands received a new 

 impulse at the beginning of the modern era of 

 discovery and invention. Columbus and other 

 pioneers of exploration were inspired in no 

 small measure by their desire to evangelize the 

 inhabitants of the lands- beyond the seas. The 

 Roman Catholic Church commissioned such 

 men as the celebrated Xavier, who in the fif- 

 teenth century planted missions in India, China 

 and Japan, and in the centuries following sent 

 out devoted bands of Franciscans, Dominicans 

 and Jesuits, who penetrated every part of the 

 known world. The Catholic Society for the 

 Propagation of the Faith, organized in 1822, 

 still has complete control of the missionary ac- 

 tivities of the Church. 



Protestant Missions. The modern movement 

 of Protestant missionary effort began in 1793 

 with the sending of William Carey from Eng- 

 land to India. Robert Morrison landed in 

 China in 1807, and Adoniram Judson was sent 

 from America to Burma in 1813. A band of 

 heroic souls early devoted themselves to the 

 work in the South Sea Islands. Africa, long 

 known as the Dark Continent, was opened to 

 Christian influences through the heroism of 

 David Livingstone, missionary and explorer. 

 Japan, which had long before expelled Roman 

 Catholic missionaries, was entered by Protes- 

 tants after Perry, in 1853, had negotiated his 

 epoch-making treaty with that country. Korea 

 (now Chosen) received its first missionaries in 

 1885. 



The method of the Protestant missionary is 

 to go among non-Christian peoples, not pri- 

 marily as a priest, but as a man and the head 

 of a family, establishing a center for the social 

 transformation of the community. Beginning 

 with the founding of a home, he follows with 

 church, school and hospital, preparing the way 



