MONTENEGRO 



3913 



MONTEREY 



is in the hands of an Italian syndicate. Fine 

 forests of oak, beech and pine in the mountains 

 of the north are valueless, owing to lack of 

 roads. The leaves of the sumach, used in tan- 

 ning and dyeing, and pyrethrum (an insect 

 powder obtained from the chrysanthemum) 

 are articles of export. 



Most of the Montenegrins are of the Ortho- 

 dox Greek Church; others are Roman Catholic 

 and Mohammedan. Although education is free 

 and compulsory, the number of uneducated 

 people is large. 



The Country. The surface is principally 

 mountainous, with here and there a few beauti- 

 ful plains and valleys. The important streams 

 are the Moratcha and the Zeta, which empty 

 into Lake Scutari at the south. Some of the 

 mountains rise to a height of 8,000 feet and are 

 continually snow covered. The climate varies 

 from severe, continuous cold in the high re- 

 gions, to mild days in sheltered valleys. The 

 average annual temperature is 58. The vege- 

 tation ranges from Alpine on the summits, 

 through forests of pine, beech and oak, to 

 olives, oranges and crimson-blossomed pome- 

 granates in lower regions at the south. Bears, 

 wolves and foxes roam over wide areas. Hares 

 are abundant where herbage is rich. Eagles, 

 vultures, owls, nightingales, larks, herons, peli- 

 cans and ducks abound. Fish are numerous, 

 the most important being the bleak, which is 

 exported in large quantities. 



Cities and Communication. The capital city 

 is Cettinje, in the southwestern part of the 

 country. Good carriage roads connect that city 

 with others in all directions. Excellent roads 

 also lead from Antivari and Dulcigno, seaports 

 on Montenegro's twenty-eight miles of coast. 

 Bridle roads are everywhere. A narrow-gauge 

 railway about ten miles in extent connects Anti- 

 vari with- Vir Pazar on Lake Scutari, and steam- 

 ers on that lake afford communication with 

 other points. The construction of another rail- 

 way from Antivari to Nikshich in the north has 

 been begun. Telegraph lines connect the prin- 

 cipal cities. 



History. During the Middle Ages Monte- 

 negro formed part of the Serbian kingdom. 

 When that realm was destroyed by the Turks 

 in 1389, Montenegro became an independent 

 principality, which then covered about 1,600 

 square miles. In spite of continuous struggles 

 with the Turks, the Montenegrins bravely up- 

 held their independence through the centuries. 

 From the early part of the sixteenth century 

 the ruler of the country was an elective prince- 



bishop, or vladika. In 1855 the vladika, Danilo, 

 took the title of prince and transformed the 

 land from an ecclesiastical to a secular princi- 

 pality, and its independence was soon recog- 

 nized by Russia. In 1862 a not altogether suc- 

 cessful war was waged against Turkey. Four- 

 teen years later Montenegro again went to war 

 with Turkey and gained large additional terri- 



MONTENEGRO'S FLAG 



Vertical lines represent red in the flag ; horizon- 

 tal lines, dark blue ; plain surface, white. The 

 crown and letters are red and gold. 



tory by the Treaty of Berlin, increasing its area 

 to about 3,500 square miles. In 1912 Monte- 

 negro joined the other Balkan States in a war 

 against Turkey, which further loosened Tur- 

 key's hold in Europe and added more territory 

 to the kingdom of Montenegro (see BALKAN 

 WARS). In August, 1914, Montenegro joined 

 Serbia in war against Austria-Hungary and Ger- 

 many and so became a factor in the War of the 

 Nations (which see). Whether the original sta- 

 tus of the country will be restored was not cer- 

 tain in August, 1919. O.B. 



Consult Trevor's Montenegro* a Land of War- 

 riors ; Denton's Montenegro, Its People and Their 

 History. 



MONTEREY, montera', the most impor- 

 tant manufacturing city of Northern Mexico 

 and the capital of the State of Nuevo Leon, is 

 situated on the small Santa Catalina River, 

 about forty-five miles northeast of Saltillo. It 

 is about a hundred miles from the international 

 boundary. When political conditions in Mexico 

 permit, Monterey is frequented as a winter re- 

 sort by residents of the Southern United States 

 on account of its mineral springs and its charm- 

 ing situation at the head of a beautiful valley. 

 In the vicinity are rich lead, copper and silver 

 mines, and the city has important smelting 

 works, iron foundries and woolen mills. The 

 streets are good, and the houses are built of 

 stone in the Moorish style. American capital 

 had been heavily invested in and near the city 

 before the beginning of the revolution in 1913. 

 Population, 1910, 78,528. 



