MONTEVIDEO 



3929 



MONTEZUMA 



of modern science dealing with the different 

 aspects of man's life would derive from it direct 

 or indirect data or assistance. Medicine, for 

 instance, should find valuable help in diagnosis 

 from the biographical chart; while the results 

 upon the children of the method itself, in 

 calming them, revealing almost a new child 

 nature as regards mental characteristics, should 

 be of great interest to the specialist in chil- 

 dren's diseases and nervous ailments. 



For psychology, a new field of research is 

 opened which should bear rich fruit, especially 

 in the sphere of psychogenesis. From the social 

 inquiries, too, much might be expected, crimi- 

 nality, jurisprudence and political science to- 

 day tending to find new foundations in the 

 social conditions of the home, and the biologi- 

 cal history of the individual. The new science 

 of eugenics also derives data from such inquiry. 

 The new field of study, in fact, which this 

 method opens up, fills a void in our knowledge 

 of man and the laws of his life, which must 

 have the widest relationships with the other 

 aspects under which he is studied ; and perhaps, 

 in its development, it may even be found to 

 shed illumination upon some of the difficult, dis- 

 puted questions of morality and religion. M.M. 



Henry N. Holmes, in his introduction to Ma- 

 dame Montessori's book, writes as follows: 



Dr. Montessori's views of childhood are in some 

 respects identical with those of Froebel, although 

 in general decidedly more radical. Both defend 

 the child's right to be active, to explore his en- 

 vironment and develop his own inner resources 

 through every form of investigation and creative 



effort In the practical interpretation of 



the principal, however, there is decided diverg- 

 ence between the Montessori school and the kin- 

 dergarten. The Montessori "directress" does not 

 teach children in groups, with the practical re- 

 quirement, no matter how well "mediated," that 

 each member of the group shall join in the exer- 

 cise. The Montessori pupil does about as he 

 pleases, so long as he does not do any harm. 



Consult George's The Montessori Method, a 

 translation of one of Madame Montessori's books : 

 Boyd's From Locke to Montessori: A Critical 

 Account of the Montessori Point of View ; Ward's 

 Maria Montessori and the American School; 

 Fisher's The Montessori Manual. 



MONTEVIDEO, montevid'eo, known offi- 

 cially as SAN FELIPE Y SANTIAGO DE MONTE- 

 VIDEO, is the capital and principal seaport of 

 Uruguay. It is 120 miles east-southeast from 

 Buenos Aires, and faces the broad arm of the 

 sea known as the Rio de la Plata. The short- 

 ened name of the city is a Latin phrase mean- 

 ing / view from the mountain, and is pro- 

 nounced regularly as indicated above. The 

 residents of the city, and travelers very gener- 



ally, pronounce it in Spanish fashion, accenting 

 the syllable next to the last. The city was 

 founded in 1726, though the Portuguese had es- 

 tablished there a small fortress in 1717. From 

 an ancient inscription (discovered in 1827) the 

 site would seem to have been visited three cen- 

 turies before Christ by Ptolemy, an officer of 

 Alexander the Great (see URUGUAY). The 

 population in 1915 was 364,185. 



Montevideo is generally laid out in rectangu- 

 lar squares, with well-paved streets, and is one 

 of the world's cleanest cities. With its equable 

 climate it is a favorite resort for tourists in 

 that part of the world ; the city government has 

 recently purchased the elegant Hotel Parque, 

 to be maintained through all seasons. The 

 city is built chiefly of brick or of rough stone, 

 covered with plaster. The great cathedral 

 (consecrated as such in 1869) was begun as a 

 parish church in 1804. The ancient cabildo is 

 now the statehouse. The dwellings generally 

 have flat roofs, with observation towers. There 

 are more than forty charitable institutions, a 

 national museum and a public library (founded, 

 respectively, in 1833 and 1835), a British hospi- 

 tal, for sailors especially, an Italian hospital, 

 the university, institutions for the insane, etc. 

 Playa Ramirez and Pocitos, to the east, are 

 popular bathing places. The harbor is natu- 

 rally a rather shallow bay, nearly circular in 

 shape, with an opening of about two and one- 

 half miles. Breakwaters have been supplied for 

 the outer harbor, and the entrance channel has 

 been so dredged as to admit the largest steam- 

 ships. A great embankment on the shore line, 

 dry docks and the terminals of four railways 

 are among the features of the city. j.s.c. 



MONTEZUMA, montezoo'ma (about 1479- 

 1520), the last ruler of the Aztecs of Mexico, 

 whose fame is due to his conflicts with the 

 Spanish conqueror Hernando Cortez (which 

 see). Montezuma had been ruling in Mexico 

 City (then called Tenochtitlan) for seventeen 

 years when the news was brought to him of the 

 invasion of the Spaniards. Unable to prevent 

 their entering his city, he afterwards proved 

 himself so weak and vacillating that in a short 

 time the foreign visitors had securely estab- 

 lished themselves. Montezuma allowed himself 

 to be kept a prisoner, and when the Aztecs 

 could no longer tolerate the overbearing con- 

 duct of the Spaniards , they called upon the 

 emperor's brother to lead them in a revolt. 

 While this rebellion was in progress Monte- 

 zuma died. Some authorities say the Spaniards 

 killed him. The invaders themselves gave out 



