MUNKACSY 



4006 



MUNSTERBERG 



MUNKACSY, moon' kah eke, MIHALY (1846- 

 1900), an Hungarian painter, whose works are 

 characterized by great dramatic power, vigor 

 and strength. His real name was MICHAEL 

 LIEB. Munkacsy's paintings divide themselves 

 into three classes: historical pieces, of which 

 Milton Dictating Paradise Lost to His Daugh- 

 ters, Christ Before Pilate and Mozart's Last 

 Monuuttt are his best known; those depicting 

 Hungarian life, including The Condemned, 

 War-Time, Night-Roamers and Village Heroes; 

 and those illustrating social life of Paris, among 

 which are Father's Birthday and Two Families. 

 It took years of hard work, entailing many 

 privations, before he was able to fulfil his am- 

 bition to study at Munich and Diisseldorf. In 

 1872 he settled in Paris, where he applied him- 

 self closely to his art. 



MUNROE, munro' ', KIRK (1856- ), an 

 American story-writer, whose books for boys 

 have been very popular, was born near Prairie 

 du Chien, Wis., educated in the common 

 schools, and in civil engineering at Harvard 

 University. During later work on the Northern 

 and Southern Pacific railways he became ac- 

 quainted with wild western life, which he after- 

 ward pictured with such effect in his books. 

 For a time he lived in New York, and was the 

 first editor of Harper's Young People, but in 

 1882 removed to Southern Florida, and gave 

 himself up to story-writing. His books include 

 The Flamingo Feather, The Coral Ship, Dory 

 Mates, The Belt of Seven Totems, Outcast 

 Warrior and For the Mikado. His books are 

 wholesome, not given to sensation, but not al- 

 ways accurate in their historical phases. 



MUNSEE, mun'se, one of the three princi- 

 pal divisions of the Delaware Indians, the others 

 being the Unami and Unalachtigo. The Mun- 

 sees are frequently called the Wolf tribe of the 

 Delawares because the wolf is regarded as their 

 tribal symbol (see TOTEM). They themselves 

 were in early times divided into several bands, 

 the most important being the Minisink, whose 

 name comes from an Indian word meaning at 

 the place where stones are gathered together. 

 They formerly occupied the land about the 

 headwaters of the Delaware River in New York, 

 New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and also had 

 control of an extensive tract along the west 

 bank of the Hudson River. The Munsees who 

 dwelt on the Hudson were conspicuous in early 

 New York history, but when the white settle- 

 ments increased they joined their relatives 

 along the Delaware. By a fraudulent treaty, 

 known as the Walking Purchase, the majority 



of the Munsees were driven from the Delaware 

 about 1740, and settled on lands along the Sus- 

 quehanna River, which were assigned to them 

 by the Iroquois. They are now widely scat- 

 tered throughout the United States and in 

 Canada. 



MUN'STER, one of the best preserved old 

 towns in Germany, about 100 miles north-north- 

 east of Cologne, is the capital of Westphalia. 

 Its chief interest lies in the numerous remains 

 of medieval architecture, particularly the Gothic 

 cathedral; several fine old churches; the castle 

 with its pleasure grounds and botanical gar- 

 dens; and the sixteenth-century town wine- 

 cellar, in which are preserved some rare paint- 

 ings of the old German school. The University 

 of Munster (Roman Catholic) has a library of 

 about 225,000 volumes. The industries include 

 the manufacture of woolen, cotton and silk 

 fabrics and paper, in addition to dyeing, print- 

 ing and enameling. Population in 1910, 90,254. 



MUNSTERBERG, muri ster berK, HUGO 

 (1863-1916), a German-American psychologist 

 who was a leader in the experimental branch 

 of his subject. His name became more famil- 

 iarly known than the names of most philoso- 

 phers, for he wrote articles and books, in popu- 

 lar style, on phases of psychology in which 

 there is a general interest. His discussion, for 

 instance, of the psychology of testimony, at- 

 tracted wide attention, as did also his work on 

 Psychotherapy, and especially his book Psy- 

 chology and Industrial Efficiency, in which he 

 proposed mental tests for vocational guidance 

 which have proved of practical value. 



Munsterberg was born in Danzig, received de- 

 grees at Leipzig and at Heidelberg, and taught 

 for several years in the University of Freiburg. 

 In 1892 he accepted the position of professor 

 of psychology at Harvard University, and from 

 the first he turned his attention to the organi- 

 zation of that psychological laboratory which 

 is one of the glories of Harvard. From being 

 interested chiefly in the relation of physiology 

 to psychology he constantly widened his view 

 until it embraced the relationship of psychology 

 to all phases of life. Particularly acute were 

 the deductions which he drew from his study 

 of American life and ideals. He wrote much 

 on various phases of his subject, his published 

 works including Psychology and Life, American 

 Traits, Eternal Values, Science and Idealism, 

 On the Witness Stand, American Patriotism 

 and Psychology, General and Applied. In 1910- 

 1911 he returned to Germany as Harvard ex- 

 change professor at the University of Berlin. 



