MURADABAD 



4007 



MURDER 



When the War of the Nations broke out in 

 1914, Munsterberg was severely criticized, both 

 in the United States and Great Britain, for his 

 extreme pro-German views, which were openly 

 expressed in The War and America. Harvard 

 University, however, upheld him, declaring that 

 no member of its faculty should be dismissed 

 for making use of his right to freedom of 

 speech, and he continued teaching there until 

 his death, which occurred suddenly from heart 

 failure. 



MURADABAD, moorudah bahd' , the capital 

 of the district of the same name, in the North- 

 Provinces of British India. The city is 

 situated on the banks of the Ramganga River 

 and contains several noted buildings, including 

 an Indian mosque built in 1631, the Anglican 

 Church of Saint Paul and the American Meth- 

 odist Mission. The metal work of Muradabad, 

 especially its engraved brass, is of exquisite 

 workmanship and beauty. The city is the cen- 

 ter of an extensive local trade in sugar, wheat 

 and rice. The population in 1911 was 81,168. 

 The city was founded in 1625 by Rustan Khan, 

 and overlooking the river are the ruins of his 

 fort. 



MU'RAL CIRCLE, an astronomical instru- 

 ment used for the calculation of the right as- 

 cension and declination of stars. It has now 

 been superseded by the more reliable meridian 

 circle. See ASTRONOMY. 



MURAT, murah', JOACHIM (1767-1815), a 

 h marshal and cavalry leader, one of the 

 best generals in the army of Napoleon I. After 

 enlisting in a cavalry regiment he attached 

 himself to Napoleon and in 1795 followed him 

 to Egypt and Italy. His rise was rapid, and 

 in 1799 he was appointed general of division by 

 his chief, who also gave him command of the 

 Consular Guard. In 1800 he married Caroline, 

 tin youngest sister of Napoleon, and in 1804 

 became governor of Paris. On the establish- 

 ii ii 'tit of the empire he was made marshal and 

 contributed to the French triumph at the fa- 

 mous battle at Au>t. Hit/. In 1808 Napoleon 

 placed him at the head of the army in Spain, 

 and on August 1 of that year he was pro- 

 iod king of Naples, under the name of 

 Joachim I. He declared war on Austria after 

 Napoleon's escape from Elba, but was defeated 

 at Tolentino, and after the Battle of Waterloo 

 led to Corsica. Later he made a foolhardy 

 attempt to recover tin- kingdom of Naples, for 

 !i IIP was tried by a court-martial and shot. 



MURATORE, mu ra tohr' , LUCIBN (1878- 

 ), a French operatic singer who ranks with 



the greatest tenors of modern times. This 

 gifted artist whose acting and singing are 

 equally noble and impressive is a native of 

 the city of Marseilles. After completing a 

 musical course in the conservatory of that city, 

 he studied in Paris and appeared there with 

 Calve in La Carmelite. This was the begin- 

 ning of a career that has been not only success- 

 ful but brilliantly so. During the three sea- 

 sons from 1912 to 1916 he sang with the Chi- 

 cago Grand Opera organization. His portrayal 

 of the roles of Don Jose in Carmen and of 

 Romeo in Romeo and Juliet possibly aroused 

 the greatest interest, and critics agreed that his 

 work in the latter opera, together with that of 

 Galli-Curci, who sang the leading soprano part, 

 equaled the finest achievements of those earlier 

 stars of grand opera Jean de Reszke and 

 Melba. Other operas in his repertoire include 

 Pagliacci, Manon and Francesco da Rimini. 

 His wife, Lina Cavalieri (which see), is one of 

 the most beautiful and accomplished singers in 

 opera. 



MURCIA, mur'shia, a city in Southeastern 

 Spain, capital of the province of the same 

 name. It lies in the midst of one of the most 

 fertile and most beautiful valleys of the coun- 

 try, on both banks of the Segura River, twenty- 

 five miles west of the Mediterranean Sea. 

 Promenades and pleasure gardens stretching 

 along the river banks, and the luxuriant vine- 

 yards, and mulberry, fig and olive groves of the 

 fruitful valley lend charm and interest to the 

 city. Murcia has been successively under the 

 control of the Romans, Moors and Spaniards, 

 and one may still see traces of its former days 

 in a few narrow streets with their quaint bal- 

 conied houses. The most interesting feature 

 of the place is the great cathedral, in Gothir- 

 Romanesque style, begun in the fourteenth 

 century. The palace of the bishop is also 

 notable, being one of the finest in Spain. Silk- 

 making is the most important industry. Ti 

 is a thriving trade in grain and fruit, and the 

 city has* manufactures of woolen goods, gun- 

 powder, soap, leather, hats and musical instru- 

 ments. Population, 1910, 125,057. 



MUR'DER, one of the f-\v crimes still pun- 

 i>ln (1. in many countries, by death, may be de- 

 finr.l a> thr in ih.-uuis killing of a human being 

 (see MALICE; CAHTM. Pi NURMBNT). Except 

 in the United States, the law recognises no 

 classes or degrees in murder. But most of the 

 states of the American Union have by legisla- 

 enactmcnt classified the crime in two or 

 in three degrees. Murders of the first dr 



