MUSCLE SENSE 



this is immeasurably preferable to shoulder 

 braces, for tin- hitter weaken the nu 



uld also be borne in mind that alcoholic 

 drinks diminish both the strength and the en- 

 during power of the muscular tissues, besides 

 interfering with the accuracy and precision of 

 movement. Abstinence from such bever- 

 and from tobacco, together with whole- 

 living and outdoor exercise, will give to 

 the growing boy or girl that which has been 

 considered the ideal state for mankind since 

 the days of the ancients "a sound mind in a 

 sound bo! W.A.E. 



MUSCLE SENSE, or MUSCULAR SENSE, 

 generally called the "sixth sen- . is the one 

 which tells us which muscles to use, where to 

 direct their movement and how much force to 

 put into the action. This sense can be culti- 

 vated to a great degree, and because of this it 

 is possible to develop skill and dexterity in 

 manual labor, dancing, skating or any form of 

 physical expression. Both sensory and motor 

 nerves are distributed through the muscles. 

 The muscular sense is stimulated to action 

 through the sensory nerves, which convey the 

 impressions they receive to the proper brain 

 centers, and these centers stimulate the motor 

 nerves, which cause and control muscular ac- 

 tion. The muscular sense may also be stimu- 

 lated to action through the feelings; that is, 

 in certain manifestations of joy, anger, etc. 

 See REFLEX ACTION ; SENSES, SPECIAL. W.A.E. 



MUSES, mu' zcz. As every river, mountain 

 and tree had its particular deity, according to 

 the ancient Greeks, so did every art and science, 

 and the goddesses who presided over these lat- 

 ter were called the Muses. They were beauti- 

 ful maidens, nine in number, the daughters of 

 Jupiter and Memory, and they were grave or 

 gay according to the special subject over which 

 they presided. Thus Terpsichore and Thalia, 

 Muses respectively of the dance and of com- 

 edy, were merry of aspect, while Melpomene, 

 the Muse of tragedy, was of serious mien. At 

 all the feasts of the gods on Olympus the 

 Muses sang in chorus, often with Apollo, whose 

 special attendants they were. The Muses and 

 the departments over which they presided were, 

 in addition to those mentioned above, Calliope, 

 the department of epic poetry; Euterpe, lyric 

 poetry; Erato, love poetry; Polyhymnia, sa- 

 cred poetry; Clio, history; and Urania, as- 

 tronomy. An ancient writer, beginning any 

 weighty work, always called upon one of the 

 Muses to assist him. Thus Homer, addressing 

 Calliope, begins his Iliad with the words: 



4012 MUSEUMS 



Sing to me, goddess, the wrath, the wrath of 



IVlian AchilU-s. 



In modern times the term muse is used gen- 

 erally to signify poetic inspiration. "My muse 

 has deserted me!" exclaims the poet who can- 

 not find the thoughts or words he seeks. F.J.C. 



MUSEUM, muze'um, from the Greek word 

 meaning tt mple of the Muses, is a building in 

 which works of art, science or learning are dis- 

 played. This is the broadest use of the term. 

 In popular phraseology it is more customary 

 to speak of a building which houses scientific 

 collections, historic relics, etc., as a museum, 

 and to apply the term gallery to those contain- 

 ing works of art. The first museum was the 

 famous University of Alexandria, which shel- 

 tered scholars from all parts of the civilized, 

 pagan world. See ALEXANDRIA. 



When learning languished, during the Middle 

 Ages, museums were practically unknown, and 

 such collections as existed were made in the 

 roost haphazard fashion. Indeed, the develop- 

 ment of museums on the present imposing 

 scale is quite recent. With the enormous ex- 

 tension of the democratic movement in the 

 nineteenth century, these universities of the 

 people began to be enriched with priceless 

 treasures of art and learning. Their purpose is 

 educational, and the ideal museum would ex- 

 hibit, as far as possible, the whole complex his- 

 tory of culture. Such a museum is yet, of 

 course, but an ideal in the minds of scholars. 



Among the great museums of the world are 

 the Vatican in Rome, the Louvre in Paris, the 

 Uffizi and Pitti at Florence, and the British 

 National Museum at London. The Smith- 

 sonian Institution at Washington was the first 

 of the sort in the United States. Its success led 

 to the establishment of the National Museum. 

 Many of the great cities now have considerable 

 collections, suitably housed. Among those 

 worthy of note are the Carnegie Institute 

 at Pittsburgh, the museum at Philadelphia, 

 founded after the Centennial Exposition, the 

 Museum of Natural History, Boston, and the 

 Field Columbian Museum, Chicago. 



Itrlnted Subject*. The reader is referred to 

 the following articles in these volumes : 



British Museum National Museum of the 



Education, subtitle United States 



Educational Museums Painting 

 Field Columbian Pitti Palace 



Museum Smithsonian Institution 



Louvre Ufflzi 



MUSEUMS, EDUCATIONAL. See subtitle, in 

 article EDUCATION, page 1950. 



