MUTSUHITO 



4038 



MYCENAE 



guished. Plants of this family are very sharp 

 to the taste, and have flowers in the shape of 

 Greek crosses (from which the name cruci ferae, 

 which means cross-bearing in Latin, is derived). 

 They also have pods which open below. Mus- 

 tard, radishes, cabbages, cauliflowers and cress 

 all belong to this family. The seeds contain 

 an oil which is used as fuel in lamps and as a 

 medium in oil painting. 



Related Subject*. The reader is referred to 

 the following articles in these volumes : 

 Annuals Horse-Radish 



Cabbage Radish 



Cauliflower Turnip 



MUTSUHITO, moot soo he' toh (1852-1912), 

 for over forty years emperor of Japan, was born 

 in the mountains of Kyoto. The liberal edu- 

 cation he received was superintended by his 

 mother, and with her he lived quietly until 

 1868, when he was crowned at Osaka. The 

 country was at this time torn by dissension and 

 strife, following upon Commodore Perry's en- 

 trance into Japan and the treaty of 1854, 

 whereby the country was opened to the Occi- 

 dent and concessions were granted to the for- 

 eigners. Japan was about to emerge from its 

 twelfth century existence. To bring about 

 peace and order, first of all, Mutsuhito aimed 

 to get the government under his personal con- 

 trol ; to this end he removed the capital from 

 Kyoto to Yeddo, and called it Tokyo, or East- 

 ern Capital. 



Mutsuhito ascended the throne of a truly 

 medieval country in a century of great enlight- 

 enment among other nations; in less than fifty 

 years his son was crowned emperor of a great 

 and powerful modern nation, a transformation 

 due to the constructive ability of Japan's great- 

 est ruler. Among the many foreign changes 

 and reforms he introduced are the following: 

 the establishment of deliberative assemblies, 

 accompanied by the destruction of the last 

 traces of feudalism, as the nobles voluntarily, 

 one by one, guided by high motives of patriot- 

 ism, surrendered their privileges; the adoption 

 of the European calendar and European cos- 

 tumes in the court; the teaching of English in 

 the schools; the adoption of a new judicial 

 system, founded on the Code Napoleon, and 

 the abolition of torture. These efforts to se- 

 cure modern innovations were for a time vio- 

 lently resisted and three times led to internal 

 rebellions, but Japan emerged from medieval- 

 ism to a foremost position among the great 

 modern nations within an incredibly short 

 period. 



Twice serious conflicts arose with China, first 

 in 1874, over the possession of Formosa, and 

 again in 1894, over the fortress Port Arthur. 

 These troubles led the emperor to give much 

 thought to the Japanese navy, resulting in the 

 construction of a powerful fleet of warships. 

 In the Russo-Japanese War Mutsuhito main- 

 tained close personal supervision of affairs, but 

 the great success of the Japanese army was due 

 to his trust in those whom he placed in charge. 

 His generosity was marked, and he was greatly 

 loved and respected by his subjects, for his 

 human qualities as well as for his extraordinary 

 powers of statesmanship. He was also a poet 

 of distinction. His one son, Yoshihito (which 

 see), succeeded him. See JAPAN, subtitle His- 

 tory of Japan. 



Consult Longford's The Evolution of New 

 Japan. 



MUTTON, muf'n, sheep's flesh, a standard 

 table meat which ranks with beef in digesti- 

 bility, and has about seven-eighths of its nutri- 

 tive value (see BEEF). Mutton of good quality 

 is pinkish in color, close-grained and contains 



Water, 53.1 

 Protein, I 7.6 



Fat.283 

 MUTTON CHOP DE^^fP' -^ Ash, 1.0 



FOOD VALUE OF A MUTTON CHOP 

 The fuel value of mutton is about 1475 calories 

 per pound. It is practically equal to round steak. 



a considerable amount of hard, white fat. Be- 

 cause of its pronounced flavor, the flesh of 

 sheep is cooled and "ripened" before it is sent 

 to the market. There is a standard method of 

 dividing the carcass into "cuts," similar to that 

 for beef (page 658). The meat of a young 

 sheep is called lamb; tallow (which see) is 

 made from the fat of the animal. 



Australia, Argentina (South America), the 

 United States and New Zealand are the princi- 

 pal sheep-raising countries, and all are impor- 

 tant producers of mutton. European markets 

 are supplied by Argentina, Australia and New 

 Zealand, as the United States produces only 

 enough for home consumption. Sheep car- 

 casses are frozen hard in a refrigerating room 

 before being shipped away, and in this way 

 they arrive at their destination in good condi- 

 tion, even after a long journey. S.L.A. 



MYCENAE, mise'ne, one of the most 

 ancient cities of Greece, which flourished in 



