NAPOLEON II 



4067 



NAPOLEON III 



west coast of Africa. All the world feared to 

 have him free. In solitude, under the care of 

 a stem, harsh British governor, he spent the 

 remainder of his days. He died a victim of 

 cancer on May 5, 1821, was buried in the island, 

 but in 1840 his remains were disinterred and 

 conveyed to Paris. They now repose beneath 

 the dome of the Hotel des Invalides, here 

 illustrated. F.ST.A. 



Consult Carlyle's French Revolution, for dra- 

 matic setting 1 prior to Napoleon's ascendancy; 

 Rose's Life of Napoleon I ; Fournler's Napoleon 

 I, a Biography ; Macaulay's History of England, 

 so far as it relates to the Napoleonic era. 



Related Subject*. The following articles in 

 these volumes will give added information on 

 the subject of Napoleon and will make clear cer- 

 tain references in the above article: 



Austerlitz 

 Barras, Count de 

 Bonaparte, with 



numerous subheads 

 Code Napoleon 

 Continental System 

 Corsica 

 Directory 

 Elba 



France, subtitle History 

 French Revolution 

 Jena 



Josephine, Marie Rose 

 Leipzig, Battles of 



Louisiana Purchase 

 LUtzen, Battles of 

 Marengo, Battle of 

 Maria Louisa 

 Murat, Joachim 

 Nelson. Horatio, 



Viscount 



Reichstadt, Duke of 

 Saint Helena 

 Trafalgar 

 Tuileries 



Waterloo, Battle of 

 Wellington, Duke of 





NAPOLEON II, the only son of Napoleon 

 Bonaparte. See REICHSTADT, NAPOLEON FRAN- 

 COIS JOSEPH BONAPARTE, Duke of. 



NAPOLEON III, CHARLES Louis NAPOLEON 

 BONAPARTE (1808-1873), emperor of the French 

 in 1852, and nephew of the great Napoleon I. 

 His father was Louis Bonaparte, king of Hol- 

 land, his mother Hortense, daughter of Napo- 

 leon's wife, Josephine Beaucharnais, and he was 

 bora in Paris, April 20, 1808. His youth, after 

 tin- overthrow of Napoleon in 1815, was spent 

 with his mother in exile, but the greatness of 

 tin Bonaparte family was kept ever before 

 linn, and from the time he was twelve years 

 old he seems to have had dreams of empire. 

 A thoughtful, serious boy, he made excellent 

 progress in his studies, and might have been 

 <> become a scholar and man of letters 

 had he not felt that the tradition of his house 

 demanded more of him. When the Duke of 

 hstadt, Napoleon's son, died in 1832, Louis 

 Napoleon felt more crrt:un than ver of his 

 destiny, and began to lay plans to achieve it. 

 Still compelled by Louis Philippe to live in 

 wrote books and articles on various 

 subjects and so kept his name before th.- 

 people. 



In 1836 he became convinced that the gov- 

 ernment of Louis Philippe was weak and un- 

 popular, and attempted to stir up the garrison 

 at Strassburg to revolt and support his claims. 

 The result was a ludicrous failure, and he \va> 

 sent to America, without being subjected to 

 trial. On his return in the next year he \\vnt 

 to live in London, but kept in close touch with 

 affairs in France, and in 1840 made another 

 attempt against Louis Philippe. This time he 

 was sentenced to life imprisonment, but es- 

 caped, not at all discouraged in his ambition. 

 When the Revolution of 1848 broke out he 

 returned to France, but was compelled by the 

 distrust of the provisional government to leave 

 the country. Later in the same year he re- 

 turned, having been elected to the National 

 Assembly by five departments, and in Decem- 

 ber was elected its President. For a time the 

 President and the Assembly seemed to work in 

 harmony, but mutual distrust arose, and in 

 December, 1851, Louis Napoleon ended tin' 

 contest in his own favor by a sudden show of 

 military force. Elected President of the re- 

 public for ten years by an overwhelming ma- 

 jority, he forced the people to concur the next 

 year in the change from republic to empire, 

 and he himself saw his dreams realized \vh n 

 he was crowned as Napoleon III. In the next 

 year he married Eugenie-Marie de Montijo, the 

 marriage being prompted by affection rather 

 than by ambition. 



But France had not the same position before 

 the world which it had had in the days of the 

 first emperor, and Napoleon III set about re- 

 gaining it. France took, therefore, a leading 

 part in the Crimean War, as the ally of Eng- 

 land and Turkey against Russia, and espoused 

 the cause of Italy in the struggle against Aus- 

 tria. Napoleon led the French armies and 

 though he proved to be no general, had a share 

 in the victories of Magenta and Solfcrino. Tin 

 treaty which he concluded at Villafranca with 

 Austria was selfish, in that it neglected the 

 interests of Italy and considered only France, 

 which received the provinces of Nice and 

 Savoy. 



Napoleon next attempted to set up a "Latin 

 and Catholic" empire in Mexico by placing tin 

 Archduke Maximilian on the throne of that 

 country, but the result was utter faihn 

 the Seven Weeks' War between Prussia and 

 Austria he began to look upon Prussia as th. 

 natural enemy of France and to look forward 

 twecn tin- t\\> countries. Actual 

 war broke out in 1870, and Napoleon 1. .1 th- 



