NEW CALEDONIA 



4149 



NEW CASTLE 



Methodism; the house where William Lloyd 

 Garrison was bora; the old Tracy Mansion, 

 built in 1771, now a part of the public library 

 building; the stone "garrison" house built in 

 the shape of a cross, with walls four feet thick 

 a specimen of the old architecture of the city 

 and the Marine Museum. 



There are memorials to George Washington, 

 to William Lloyd Garrison and to the soldiers 

 and sailors of the War of Secession. There are 

 three parks, a home for old ladies, a hospital, 

 a Y. M. C. A. building and the Putnam free 

 school. 



NEW CALEDONIA, kaledoh'nia, a moun- 

 tainous island in the South Pacific Ocean, en- 

 tirely surrounded by a large coral reef which 

 lies from five to fifteen miles from the shore. 

 The southernmost of the Melanesian Islands, 

 it is situated 850 miles east of Australia, where 

 it was discovered by Captain Cook in 1774. Its 

 area is a little less than that of the state of 

 New Jersey. On this long, narrow strip of land, 

 for it is 240 miles long and only thirty miles 

 wide, there are two parallel ranges of moun- 

 tains running almost its entire length. In their 

 mines there are rich deposits of gold, silver, 

 lead, copper, nickel, cobalt, iron and coal, the 

 output of nickel being the most valuable. New 

 Caledonia and Ontario, Canada, are the two 

 chief sources of the world's supply of nickel 

 ore. 



The island carries on a thriving import and 

 export trade, the principal articles of export 

 being minerals, canned meats and coffee. Nu- 

 mea, the chief port, is connected by rail with 

 Bourail, the capital, and there is regular steam- 

 communication with Sydney, in New 

 Wales. New Caledonia is a French pos- 

 lion, and until 1896 was used chiefly as a sct- 

 nt for convicts. Since that time no pris- 

 oners have been sent there, and the convict 

 population is steadily decreasing. In 1912 it 

 had a population of 50,608; of these, 28,075 

 were natives, that is, Melanesians of mix* d 

 blood, 



NEWCASTLE, nu'kas'l, a town in New 

 Brunswick, the county town of Northumber- 

 land county. It is on the left or north bank of 

 the Mirauiichi River, at the head of deep-water 

 navigation, ia a port of entry and has a con- 

 siderable coasting trade, especially in lumber 

 and iron ore. It is five miles from Chatham 

 by riv<r. 1 1 1 miles northeast of Frederic! on and 

 event y-imn- miles northwest of Moncton by 

 rail. The main line of the Intercolonial passes 

 iuli tin town. Sawmills, sash and door 



factories, a chair factory and wagon works are 

 the principal manufacturing establishments. 

 There are also several large sawmills at Nel- 

 son, directly opposite Newcastle. The town 

 owns its electric light, sewerage and artesian 

 water systems. A convent, an academy and a 

 hospital erected in 1916 are conspicuous among 

 the institutions. Population in 1911, 2,945; in 

 1910 .1,3,100. 



NEWCASTLE, next to Sydney the largest 

 city of New South Wales, and the most impor- 

 tant coaling port in the Southern hemisphere. 

 It lies on the east coast of Australia, at the 

 north of the Hunter River, 102 miles by rail 

 and sixty-two miles by sea northeast of Sydney. 

 It is a prosperous, modern city, with good 

 streets and fine public buildings, conspicuous 

 among which are the railway station, post office, 

 customhouse, a school of art, a museum and 

 the Victoria Theater. Of the city's many hand- 

 some churches the most notable is Christ Ca- 

 thedral (Anglican). The fine harbor of the 

 pJace has an area of 540 acres, affording berth- 

 ing room for vessels of 4,000 tonnage, and is 

 defended by forts and breakwaters. The total 

 amount of tonnage entered and cleared at New- 

 castle is nearly 4,000,000 a year. The chief 

 exports are coal, wool, coke, horses, cattle, 

 frozen meat, tallow, hides, minerals and agri- 

 cultural produce. The city has copper-smelting 

 works, a brewery, foundries, carriage and boot 

 factories, shipbuilding yards and a steam bis- 

 cuit factory. It is the see of an Anglican 

 bishop and the seat of a United States consul. 

 Population in 1913, including suburbs, 57,650. 



NEW CASTLE, IND., the county seat of 

 Henry County, situated on the Blue River and 

 in the eastern part of the state, about midway 

 between its northern and southern borders. In- 

 dianapolis is forty miles southwest and Muncie 

 is twenty miles north. Transportation is pro- 

 \ idrd by the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago A 

 Saint Louis, the Lake Erie A Western and the 

 Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago & Saint Louis 

 railways, and by intcnirban lines which com- 

 municate with cities and towns north, south 

 and west. Good water power and natural gas 

 and fine shipping facilities have been important 

 factors in the development of the city. Manu- 

 facture is here represented by sheet-iron, steel 

 and bridge works, and automobile, clothing, 

 furniture and piano factories. Two miles north 

 .f the city is the Indiana Village for Epileptics. 

 In 1910 the population was 9,446; it had in- 

 creased to 13.241 (according to a Federal esti- 

 mate) in 1916. 



