NEW YORK 



421:} 



NEW YORK 



constructed in connection with the subway ex- 

 tension. 



Railway Lines. All of the roads approach- 

 in K Nt w York from west of the Hudson except 

 the Pennsylvania system have terminal stations 

 in Now Jersey, and their passengers continue 

 the trip to Manhattan by ferry boat or by 

 trains which run through the river tunnels. 

 These roads are the Erie, the West Shore, the 

 New York, Ontario & Western, the Lackawanna, 

 Philadelphia & Reading, the Lehigh Val- 

 ley, the Central of New Jersey and the Balti- 

 more & Ohio. The main station of the Penn- 

 mia Company, used by several systems 

 :tml occupying two entire blocks in Manhat- 

 tan (Seventh Avenue, 32nd, 33rd streets), is 

 a structure of magnificent proportions, second 

 only to the Grand Central. Trains from the 

 approach it by way of twin tubes which 

 nd through Bergen Hill in New Jersey, pass 

 under the Hudson River and then beneath the 

 streets of New York City. The New York 

 Central & Hudson River, the New York & 

 Harlem River and the New York, New Haven 

 & Hartford railroads all approach New York 

 from the north and make use of the Grand Cen- 

 tral Terminal at Park Avenue and 42nd Street. 

 This station, too, is an example of noble and 

 impressive architecture. No steam locomotives 

 are permitted on Manhattan Island, and trains 

 ing into the island are propelled by electric 

 power. 



Commerce. New York is one of the great 

 trade centers of the world, both for domestic 

 and for foreign commerce. Its supremacy as a 

 commercial center was assured in 1825 with tin 

 pletion of tin- I'.rir Canal, now a part of 

 tin- Ni-w York State Barge Canal (which see), 

 year before the outbreak of the War of the 

 Nations forty-seven per cent of tin total for- 

 eign trade of the United States passed through 

 flu- port ,f New York (which include- all the 

 municipalities, on the Hudson and on New ^> 



t>or), and in normal years it imports prac- 

 t ic illy all of th<- -ilk goods and furs sent into 

 Country, and the greater part of the cotton 

 an.l linen manufactures, jr\\ 

 cals, coffee and cocoa. Over 4,000 vessels en- 

 gaged in foreign trade clear the port each year 

 iracs of peace, and the volume of coastwise 

 trade is even heav 



are ample facilities for taking care of 

 Ocean vessels approach the harbor 

 : tho southeast through the recently com- 

 >d Ambrose Channel off 8ai 



northeast through Long Island S 



and the East River. Obstructions in the Hell 

 Gate channel (see HELL GATE) were removed 

 many years ago by blasting. All approaches to 

 the harbor are well guarded, the principal for- 

 tifications including Fort Hancock on Sandy 

 Hook, the forts at the Narrows (on Long Island 

 and Staten Island), and fortifications on Gov- 

 ernors Island, south of Manhattan. Greater 

 New York has a total water front of 341.22 

 miles. On the wot side of Manhattan Island 

 there is practically a solid line of docks and 

 piers extending about four miles. 



Manufactures. New York is by far the most 

 important manufacturing city in the United 

 States, and a detailed discussion of its various 

 industries would in itself fill a volume. There 

 is hardly an article used in everyday life or in 

 business that is not made in this city. Its most 

 extensive line of manufacture is men's and 

 women's clothing; some idea of the magnitude 

 of this industry may be gained from the state- 

 ment that the clothing produced has a value 

 in excess of that of all the products of any 

 other American city, with two exceptions. An- 

 other industry in which New York far outranks 

 any other American city is the printing "and 

 publishing business. Many of the industrial 

 firms having office headquarters in Manhattan 

 operate their factories in the outlying towns of 

 the state and in New Jersey and Connecticut; 

 within a radius of fifty miles there are more 

 than 25,000 manufacturing enterprises. 



Government. Greater New York is governed 

 by a charter which went into effect on January 

 1, 1898, and was amended in 1901. Executive 

 po\\< ted m the mayor and the heads, 



or presidents of the boroughs, all of whom are 

 elected for four-year terms. The mayor has 

 powers of appointment and removal, 

 he is chairman of the board of estimate and 

 apportionment, which alone can grant fran- 

 chi.-rs. and he has complete veto power over 

 such grants. The borough presidents preside 

 over local boards, have control of such ma 

 as street P.IMIIU and grading, sewers and public 

 baths, and each OIK ha- the power of appoint- 

 ment and removal of tin- Mipermtende: 

 the borough bureau of building*. The bo.'. 

 aldermen, consisting of seventy-time members, 

 is elected for t\\ each alderman is 



ted by a separate district, but the pro; 



lie board is elected by the city as a w! 

 Laws may be passed over the mayor's veto by 

 a two-thirds vote, except in case of payments of 

 money, win n B thn -fouitl 



has seventeen udmimv part- 



