NIAGARA 



422:; 



NIAGARA FALLS 



They lived in what is now the southeastern 

 corner of Washington, northeastern Oregon 

 and. western Idaho, in mountain valleys and 

 along the banks of the Snake River. Their 

 principal food was game, salmon, roots and ber- 

 ries, and they did not engage in agriculture. 



This tribe of Indians was usually friendly to 

 white men. When gold was discovered in the 

 Oregon mountains, the United States endeav- 

 ored to make a new treaty with the Nez Pi : 

 who had already been confined to the Lupwui 

 reservation in Idaho. They refused the terms, 

 and in 1S77, under their chief, Joseph, defeated 

 I'nitrd States troops in a number of skirmishes. 

 During this war Joseph commanded his braves 

 not to harm a white man who wa< not in the 

 quarrel. He was finally overcome and at- 

 tempted to retreat into Canada, but was sur- 

 rounded, and he and his people, who thought 

 re going back to their old reservation, 

 were taken to Indian Territory. So many of 

 them died there that in 1884 they were sent 

 north to Colville reservation, in northern 

 Washington. There are fewer than 2,000 of tin- 

 tribe now living, and these are to be found in 

 the two ; .- in Washington and Idaho. 



NIAG'ARA, known as NIAGARA-ON-THK-LAKK 

 .-tinguish it from the city of Niagara Falls, 

 is a town in Lincoln County, Ontario. It is 

 situa ke Ontario, at the mouth of the 



Niagara River, and is on the Michigan Central 

 and the Niagara, > imrines & Toronto 



railways. For a century it has been one of 

 thf most popular summer resorts in Canada, 

 not alone because of the beauty of its vicinity 

 but also for its historical associations. Under 

 its former name of Newark it was the first 

 capital of Upper Canada (1791-1796), and Navy 

 Hall, the residence of Governor John Graves 

 Simcoe, still stands. In the War of 1812 many 

 battles were fought near the town, notably that 

 of Queenston Heights, and the town itself was 

 burned by the Americans in December, 1813. 

 Population in 1'Hl, 1,318; in 1916, about 1,500. 



NIAGARA FALLS, formerly known as CUF- 

 or SUSPENSION HKID-.K. i> a city m \\Ylland 

 County, Ontario. It is situated on the west 

 bank of the Niagara River, just below tin- 



ity-lour miles northwest of 

 Buffalo. H most conspicuous featun 



is Queen Victoria I 1 nk. which has an area of 

 I'- 1 1- is one of the finest parks in tin 



world. :md (oniiaands a magnificent view of 

 This is the center of the splendid 



-tends from I 

 to Lake Ontario. 



In addition to its attractions for tourists, the 

 city is important as a railway and transporta- 

 tion center. The river at this point is crossed 

 by three bridges, connecting the town with the 

 city of the same name in New York. Practi- 

 ' cally all of the great Eastern trunk lines of rail- 

 way, including the Grand Trunk, Canadian Pa- 

 cific, Canadian Northern, Michigan Central. 

 Lake Shore & Michigan Southern, Wabash and 

 Erie either enter the city over their own ti 

 or have direct connection. Since the Falls have 

 been harnessed and made to yield el. 

 power, manufacturing has greatly increased. 

 The principal industrial establishments produce 

 cereal breakfast foods, graphite, cyanide, silver- 

 ware, iron and steel, leather and leather goods, 

 paper boxes, hosiery, hats and suspenders. 

 Population in 1911, 9,248; in 1916, estimated, 

 12,000. 



NIAGARA FALLS, N. Y., a famous scenic 

 resort and industrial center in Niagara County, 

 situated along cliffs above the Niagara Ri\ r 

 from the Falls to a point three miles below. 

 Two steel-arch bridges and a cantilever bridge 

 span the river between the city and the Cana- 

 dian city of the same name. Niagara Falls is 

 served by the Erie, the Lehigh Valley, the 

 Michigan Central, the New York Central and 

 the West Shore railroads, and by the Interna- 

 tional and other electric lines. Its area exceeds 

 nine square miles. In 1910 the population was 

 30,445; according to the state census it was 

 42,257 in 1915. 



Niagara Falls contains the Niagara Uni- 

 versity (Roman Catholic) and De Veaux Col- 

 lege (Protestant Episcopal), a Federal buildup 

 erected in 1908 at a cost of $125,000, a public 

 library building given by Andrew Carnegie, the 

 Niagara Falls Power Company building and 

 Niagara Falls and Mount Saint Mary's hospi- 

 tals. East of the Falls is a New York si 

 reservation of 107 acres, which was secured in 

 1885 for $1,500,000. It includes Prospect Park 

 and Goat Island. 



Electricity generated by the Falls is used for 

 manufacture in the city and for railroad and 

 other power purposes within a surrounding 

 zone of 25,000 square miles. This power is 

 especially used in Niagara Fall '<>- 



< hcmical works and for the manufacture of cal- 

 cium carbide, carborundum, aluminum 



res. Among tin- <i 

 establishments of the city are a large I 



,t biscuit plant, in.l pulp, DIM 

 lumber mill-. Nine thousand men are em- 

 d in these plants, whose annual output is 



