NICE 



NICE, nee*, in Italian, NIZZA, a city of 

 France, of world-wide fame as a winter resort. 

 It occupies. a magnificent site on the Mediter- 

 ranean Sea, at the base of the Alps Mountains, 

 140 miles east-northeast of Marseilles and 640 

 miles southeast of Paris. Nice lies at the west- 

 ern end of the stretch of seacoast known as the 

 Riviera. The picturesque Alps form a barrier 

 to cold winds from the north, and the mild but 

 bracing climate of the region attracts thousands 

 of winter visitors every year. Between January 

 and June the fine hotels in the newer section of 

 are crowded with people in quest of health 

 or pleasure, and the city takes on an aspect of 

 r y. The old town, a small section with 

 narrow, winding streets, lies on the left bank of 

 the small Paillon River; on the opposite side 

 of the stream is the spacious new part, where 

 the foreigners sojourn. 



Here the avenues are wide and beautified 

 with plane and eucalyptus trees. The Casino, 

 with its numerous recreation facilities, is a 

 notable structure, and of equal interest is the 

 Public Garden, which extends from the Casino 

 to the sea. Stretching westward for over two 

 miles along the bay is a magnificent promenade 

 lined with handsome hotels and villas. In the 

 city, too, are the churches, schools, museums, 

 libraries and theaters of a modern municipality, 

 has a large export trade in oranges, lemons, 

 flowers, perfumes, olives, oils and liquors, and 

 is a manufacturing center for ivory goods, fur- 

 niture, silks and dyes. 



Th city, known to the ancients as Nicaea, 

 was founded in the fourth century B.C. It is 

 now the capital of the department of Alpes- 

 Maritimes. Population (city and suburbs) in 

 1!U1. 11J.940. 



Consult Loveland's Romance of Nice. 



NICE, m-.s, or NICAEA, nise'a, COUNCILS 



or, two counc; Christian Church held 



at Nice, in Bithynia, Asia Minor, in 325 and 



786. The first was convened by the Emperor 



Constant in. . dm fly to discuss the Arian views 



. and to disputes these 



had created. Tin outcome of the controversy 



was the adoption of the NICENE CREED (see 



below). question determined was in 



r observing Easter. It 



was questioned wl Christian observ- 



should he on day as the Jewish, 



h Ntsan, or on the 

 following Sunday (see EASTER). 



second council was c.ll.,1 l, v tl 

 press Irene and Constant m*. h< r son, as a re- 

 sult of the violent opposition to the decree of 



NICHOLAS I 



the Emperor Leo, the deceased husband and 

 father, that the use of images be forbidden for 

 any % purpose. The empress revoked this de- 

 cree (see ICONOCLASTS). 



Nicene Creed, a summary' of the chief articles 

 of the Christian faith, adopted by the first 

 Council of Nice in 325. It was originally as 

 follows: 



\\ . believe in one God. the Father Almighty, 

 maker of all things, both visible and invisible; 

 and in one Lord, Jesus Christ, the Son of God. 

 begotten of the Father, only begotten, that is to 

 say of the substance of the Father, God of God 

 and Light of Light, very God of very God. be- 

 gotten, not made, being of one substance with 

 the Father, by whom all things were made, both 

 things in heaven and things on earth ; who, for 

 us men and for our salvation, came down ami 

 was made flesh, made man, suffered and rose 

 again on the third day, went up into the heavens, 

 and is to come again to judge both the quick and 

 the dead ; and in the Holy Ghost." 



The Nicene Creed has been changed since its 

 adoption, but by what authority it is unknown. 

 It is next oldest to the Apostles' Creed. 



NICHOLAS I, nik'olas, NICHOLAS 1 

 VITCH (1796-1855), an emperor of Russia. th 

 third son of Paul I, and called "The Iron Czar." 

 Excellent tutors were provided for him, and he 

 traveled widely, but he had neither desire nor 

 taste for education, much preferring mil 

 lift 1 , especially its spectacular side, which af- 

 forded him an opportunity for display. "When 

 his brother, Alexander I, died in 1825 Nicholas 

 came to the throne, his elder brother, Con- 

 stantinc, having resigned his claims. He was 

 at once confronted with a rising among the 

 soldiery, which was put down with great se- 

 verity. Nicholas felt that there was something 

 wrong with the government of the country', but 

 he declared that what it needed was not liberal 

 reform but stricter discipline and supervision. 

 He made more severe the censorship of tin 

 press and introduced a system of secret poll 

 which kept him in close touch with the affairs 

 of his empire but made him and his government 

 very unpopular. Many of the most object ion- 

 able features of Russian government which led 

 bO the revolution of 1917 Mini the deposition of 

 Nicholas 11 Hi :'<! ly this r 



Failed in Crimean War. The foreign policy 

 of Nicholas was aggresH rsia 



shortly after his accession added Persian Ar- 

 menia to Russia, and a war with Turkey (1828- 

 1829) won for Russia the eastern she; 



k Sea and a ; 



and Wallachia. Nicholas had the character! 

 Russian attitude toward Turkey, hoping that 



