NORFOLK ISLAND 



4247 



NORMANDY 



of the port is in cotton, coal, lumber, vege- 

 tables, fruits, peanuts, oysters, grain and fer- 

 tilizer; it is one of the leading shipping points 

 in the United States for strawberries. Norfolk 

 is rapidly developing into an industrial center, 

 and has large lumber, cotton, knitting, silk and 

 cottonseed-oil mills, fertilizer and tobacco fac- 

 tories, creosoting works, foundries, ship- and 

 boat-building yards, and stock yards. 



Buildings and Institutions. Among the note- 

 worthy buildings are the customhouse, post 

 office, city hall, city market, Cotton Exchange, 

 Bank of Commerce, Royster and Y. M. C. A. 

 buildings, Union Station, an armory, the Naval 

 Y. M. C. A. headquarters and the Board of 

 Trade. Saint Paul's Church, erected in 1732, 

 is the most noted place of worship; other im- 

 portant buildings are Saint Vincent de Paul's, 

 Norfolk Protestant and Sarah Leigh hospitals. 

 The city has several private secondary schools ; 

 among these are Norfolk Academy, one of the 

 oldest preparatory schools in the South, and 

 Norfolk Mission College, for colored students. 

 There is a Carnegie Library. 



History. The town was organized in 1682, 

 and was incorporated as a borough in 1736. In 

 1776 the place was burned and almost com- 

 pletely destroyed by the British under Lord 

 Dunmore; Saint Paul's Church is the only re- 

 maining structure of the old city. In 1855 

 Norfolk suffered an epidemic of yellow fever, 

 which was brought to its port by the man-of- 

 war Benjamin Franklin. During the War of 

 Secession, the city was the principal naval sta- 

 tion of the Confederacy. In 1906 the suburb 

 of Berkely was annexed and a new charter 

 was granted. 



NORFOLK ISLAND, an isolated island in 

 the South Pacific Ocean 500 miles northwest of 

 New Zealand, discovered by Captain Cook in 

 1774. It is now politically attached to New 

 South Wales, Australia. It has an area of ten 

 square miles, with mountains rising to a height 

 of 1,040 feet. The magnificent Norfolk Island 

 I >i MC is found in its forests. Most of the in- 

 habitants are descendants of the members of 

 the expedition endiim in the Bounty Mutiny, 

 who were transferred here from Pitcairn Island 

 in 1856, and the total population numbers 

 about 870. 



Norfolk Island was used as a penal settle- 

 ment by New South Wales until 1851, and is 

 now governed by that Australian state through 

 a resident magistrate. 



NORMAL SCHOOLS. See SCHOOL, subhead 

 Schools jor Tcachen. 



NORMAN ARCHITECTURE, a style of 

 building developed by the Northmen (Nor- 

 mans) after their permanent establishment in 

 France. Norman architecture is regarded as a 

 variety of Romanesque; it prevailed from 

 about the year 1000 until the thirteenth cen- 

 tury, when it gave way to the Gothic school. 

 This style of building is best studied in con- 

 nection with the churches and monasteries 

 which the Normans erected to replace those 

 they had destroyed in their career of conquest. ' 

 They made use of the cross-groined vault, and 

 their adoption of diagonal ribs to strengthen 

 the groined vault was a distinct innovation. 



Another important step was their plan of 

 building interior passageways in thick walls, 

 which had the effect of making such walls 

 double. From this came the custom of making 

 a window or arcade in the inner wall opposite 

 the one in the outer; the eye could thus view 

 one design through the other, and the effect 

 was charming. The influence of this innova- 

 tion is seen in the exquisite double tracery of 

 the Norman-Gothic cathedrals of the thirteenth 

 century. In their treatment and use of bell 

 towers, turrets and spires the Normans made 

 wonderful progress, and their ornamentation, 

 always characterized by restraint and good 

 taste, never showed the weakness of the too- 

 florid style of decoration. The donjon, or keep, 

 type of castle is another monument of their 

 genius. The churches at Caen, Normandy, are 

 good examples of the Norman style. 



Related Subject*. The reader is referred to 

 the following articles in these volumes : 

 Architecture Normans 



Normandy Vault 



NORMAN CONQUEST. See WILLIAM I, 

 THK ('oxyrKKOR. 



NORMANDY, nawr'mandi, the old name of 

 a fertile and prosperous region in France bor- 

 (1 ring on the English Channel, which Charles 

 the Simple granted as a lief to the Normans in 

 912, after their settlement at Rouen under ' 

 chief Hollo, or Hrolf (see NORMANS). 

 province is now divided into the departments 

 of Seine-Inferieure, Eure, Calvados, La M m< h. 

 and Orne. Among its important towns and 

 1-itn-s are Rouen, the capital of old Normandy; 

 Havre, Harfleur, Caen, Bayeux and C'h. rhourg. 

 The inhabitants are descendants of tl> old Nor- 

 mans, and like them arc an intelligent, strong 

 and energetic people. 



From the Norman chief, Rollo, descended 

 th. I in.- of dukes whose most celebrated repre- 

 sentative was William the Conqueror. He be- 



