OAK 



4324 



OAKLAND 



Texas. In the dense forests it grows narrow 

 near the crown, but in the open it is a wide- 

 spreading tree, truly typical of strength and 

 dignity. The wood of the white oak is hard 

 ami close-grained, and is valued for its strength 

 and durability. The rugged bur, or mossy-cup, 

 oak. which has about the same distribution as 

 the white oak, is a picturesque tree for parks, 

 with its irregular crown, deeply-furrowed bark 

 and shaggy spreading branches. The leaves are 

 very long and have deep lobes. This tree is 

 grown both for shade and for lumber. 



Another prominent American species is the 

 Mack oak, found growing from Maine to 

 Florida and west to Minnesota, Kansas -and 

 Kastrrn Texas. The leaves of this tree have 

 broad, bristle-tipped lobes, and their outer 



DESIGNS FOR A BOOKLET 

 The illustration at top is intended for the cover 

 decoration ; the smaller pictures should be used on 

 inside pages. 



surface is a lustrous dark-green color in sum- 

 mer; in autumn they turn brownish-yellow. 

 The tree itself does not usually grow higher 

 than ninety feet. Its bark, a distinguishing 

 feature, is very dark gray or brown, with 

 orange-yellow inner layers, which are rich in 

 tannin. A handsome ornamental tree, common 

 in Eastern United States, is the red oak, whose 

 grayish-brown bark has a red tinge. The leaf 

 lobes are irregularly-toothed, bristly-pointed 



and triangular in shape, and they point forward 

 more than outward. The inner layers of the 

 bark are red, and the timber is much used for 

 building purposes and for furniture. The live 

 oak, which is a favorite avenue and park tree 

 in the Southern states, has something of the 

 appearance of an apple tree, with its thick, 

 short trunk and long, horizontal limbs. The 

 leaves of the live oak are not so showy as those 

 of its Northern cousins, as may be seen by the 

 illustration, but its draperies of moss give it a 

 charm that few other trees possess. 



For most purposes the timber of the English 

 oak is considered the strongest and most dura- 

 ble, as well as the most beautiful, though it 

 is very little better than the American white or 

 red oak. The live oak was once the favorite 

 for shipbuilding. Besides timber, oaks yield 

 tanbark, and, in Spain and Portugal, cork. 



Celebrated in American history is the Char- 

 ter Oak, in Hartford, Conn., which sheltered 

 the charter of. the Connecticut colony for two 

 years. C.H.H. 



Related Subjects. The reader is referred to 

 the following articles in these volumes 

 Charter Oak Lumber 



Cork Tanning 



Forests and Forestry 



OAK 'LAND, CAL., the third largest city of 

 the state, ranking next to Los Angeles and San 

 Francisco, and the county seat of Alameda 

 County, is a residential city on the landward 

 side of San Francisco Bay. Six miles west 

 across the bay are San Francisco and the 

 Golden Gate; eighty-six miles northeast is the 

 state capital, Sacramento. During the six years 

 from 1910 to 1916 the population increased 

 from 150,174 to 198,604 (Federal estimate). 



Location. Oakland, which has an area of 

 nearly fifty square miles, and Berkeley, a city 

 adjoining it on the north, are situated on land 

 sloping west and south from the hills of the 

 Coast Range. Oakland has twenty-seven miles 

 of deep-water frontage and is a port of trans- 

 pacific steamers. Between the city and Ala- 

 meda, a large island to the south, occupied by 

 the city of that name, is an estuary of the bay 

 affording those cities an inner harbor more than 

 five miles in length. A channel thirty feet in 

 depth has been dredged by the United States 

 government, which makes the estuary acces- 

 sible to large boats for a distance of thirty 

 miles. West of Oakland, moles extend for two 

 miles into the bay and shorten the trips which 

 ferries constantly make to San Francisco. The 

 city is on the Southern Pacific, the Western 



