OREGON 



4403 



OREGON 



requiring all teachers receiving certificates to 

 have at least six months' teaching experience, 

 or a certain amount of professional training. 



Schools of higher education supported by the 

 state are the state university at Eugene; an 

 agricultural college at Corvallis, and a normal 

 college at Monmouth. These schools are co- 

 educational, as are the most important private 

 institutions, such as Albany College at Albany 

 (Presbyterian) ; Columbia University at Port- 

 land (Roman Catholic) ; McMinnville College 



IrMinnville (Baptist); Pacific College at 

 Newbeny (Friends); Pacific University at For- 

 est Grove (Congregational) ; Reed Institute at 

 Portland; and Willamette College at Salem 



hodist). 



Institutions of charity and correction, in- 

 cluding a state hospital, sanitarium, tubercu- 

 hospital, training and industrial schools, 

 institutions for the deaf, blind and feeble- 

 minded, at Salem, the East Oregon State 

 ital, at Pendleton, and a soldier's home at 



burg are controlled by a state board cre- 

 ated in 1913, consisting of the governor, secre- 

 tary of state and state treasurer. The state 

 penitentiary at Salem is not under this board; 

 in it the honor system is in force, and the gov- 

 ernor is an inspector of the institution. 



The Land. The Cascade Mountains, cross- 

 ing the state from north to south, separate it 

 into two distinct sections having widely differ- 

 ing characteristics. Western Oregon, occupy- 

 ing about one-third of the state, is remark- 

 able for its rich and varied resources. Be- 



:i the Coast Range, extending along the 

 Pacific and the Cascade foothills lies the Willam- 



Vallry. the chief center of Oregon's agri- 

 c-ultural wealth. It covers over 5,000,000 acres 

 of most fertile soil, and is given to diversi- 

 fied farming. The western slopes of the Siski- 

 you and Coast mountains, which do not rise 

 above 4,000 feet, fall gradually to the sea, 

 wh-re their spurs form numerous promontories 

 on the otherwise regular coast. From their 

 eastern slopes, this western section presents a 

 variegated panorama of towns, meadows, 

 streams, orchards, gardens, groves of evergreen 

 and clumps of forest, and in the background, 

 summits of the snow-capped 

 Cascade Mountains. Mount Hood, rising 

 abruptly from t!,. banks of the Columbia to 

 an elevation of 11,225 feet, is the highest of 

 these peaks, and is the highest point in tin 

 state. Mount Jefferson, Mount Put. Had, 



iond and tho Throe Sisters mountains are 



r prominent peaks of the Cascade Range. 



The principal rivers of this section are the 

 great Columbia in the north, the Willamette, 

 rising in the Cascades and flowing northwest 

 and north to the Columbia, and the swift 

 Rogue, Umpqua and Coquille rivers, which 

 cut their way through the Coast Range to the 

 sea. At the mouths of these coast rivers are 

 wide, land-locked harbors, the greatest of which 

 is Columbia Bay, others being Coos, Tillamook, 

 Nestucca, Siletz, Yaquina and Winchester bays. 



The section east of the Cascades is a high 

 inland plateau, a sweeping expanse of arid 

 plains, covered with dusty sagebrush, broken 

 by buttes (see BUTTE), patches of ranch land 

 and ribbons of brighter green along a few 

 streams and irrigation ditches, and shut in on 

 the northeast by the rock walls of the Blue and 

 Wallowa Mountains, which have an elevation 

 of about 7,000 feet. Southeast of the Great 

 Sandy Desert, which lies in the central part 

 of the plateau, Steins Mountains rise to an 

 altitude of about 9,000 feet. 



The Snake River and its tributaries drain the 

 extreme eastern region. The Deschutes, fed by 

 the Cascades, flows down their east slopes and 

 two-thirds of the length of the state, empty- 

 ing into the Columbia. The John Day River. 

 another tributary of the Columbia, drains much 

 of the northern part of this section. The small 

 streams of the plateau flow into shallow, salty 

 lakes which in the dry season evaporate, leav- 

 ing hard mud beds and alkali flats. Most of 

 the lakes are in the south-central part of tho 

 state, and with the exception of Crater and 

 Klamath lakes and a few small mountain lakes 

 in the Cascades, they are brackish and shallow. 



Scenery. The Columbia, cutting deep gorges 

 through the heart of the snow-crowned Cascade 

 Mountains, presents a panorama of magnifi- 

 cent beauty. Oneonta Gorge, La Tourelle, No 

 Wonder, Horse Tail and Multnomah falls arc 

 famous for their beautiful cliff scenery. At 

 Bridal Veil Falls a broad stream descends hun- 

 dreds of feet in a showery spray, pauses in a 

 whirling pool, then plunges to the river bolow. 

 At the entrance to the Cascades the most bcau- 

 tiful gorgo is found. The immense craggy 

 peaks of the mountains jut out into the stream, 

 mg palisades of surpassing beauty. Cape 

 Horn and Rooster Rock, two great cone-shaped 

 basalt pillars, form the gateway of the gorge 

 r makes a descent of about 300 

 feet through a canyon six miles long and almost 

 a mile deep. Mount Hood, its summit m th. 

 clouds, towers on one side, and on tho Wash- 

 ington bank rise fir-clad Mount Adams 



