ORGAN 



4412 



ORIGEN 



rank are controlled by a single stop knob; for 

 this reason the name stop, or register, is applied 

 to any group of such pipes. The principal or- 

 gan stops are the open, stopped and double 

 diapasons; the principal, dulciana, melodia, 

 salicional, flute, tr mpet, clarion, bassoon, oboe 

 and vox humana. The familiar parlor organ, 



N 



N 



N 



N 



N 



ORGAN PIPES 

 Explanation of letters appears in the text. 



still popular in rural districts and in Sunday 

 schools, is an instrument whose pipes are all 

 reeds and the bellows of which are operated by 

 the feet of the player. This organ has only a 

 manual keyboard. 



Sound pipes are classified as reed and flue 

 pipes, the distinction consisting in the method 

 of producing the tone. In the former the air 

 sets a tongue into motion and causes it to 

 strike against a reed. The flue pipe is shown 

 in the accompanying illustration. 



The first lettered diagram represents a pipe 

 being sounded by a gentle blowing. Air enters 

 through the little hole at the point and is de- 

 flected to pass out through the side opening. 

 When it hits the sharp tongue it starts vibra- 

 tions in the air column of the pipe. As the top 

 and bottom of the column are in contact with 

 the outer air the pressure at the points L, called 

 loops, is always the same, and the air particles 

 surge back and forth toward the middle point 

 N, called a node, where there is constant change 

 of pressure but no motion. From one loop to 

 another is always half a wave length, so if the 

 pip'J is meant to sound middle C it must be 



about two .feet two inches long (see SOUND). 

 The second diagram shows what happens if the 

 pipe is blown with greater force. The ends 

 must still be loops, but a new loop and node 

 form, and a whole wave length is now included 

 in the pipe. Therefore the note is an octave 

 higher than before. Another addition of force 

 would produce one and one-half wave lengths, 

 still another would give two. If the fundamen- 

 tal note were middle C, the first overtone would 

 be the C above, the second G and the third the 

 C next higher* 



The third and fourth diagrams represent a 

 pipe closed at the upper end. As motion is 

 stopped at the closed end a node forms there. 

 Thus with a gentle blow only a quarter of a 

 wave length is included, and the fundamental 

 note is an octave below middle C. More en- 

 ergy produces three-quarters of a length; still 

 more, one and a quarter; more yet, one and 

 three-quarters. The overtones are therefore 

 the G above middle C, the E next higher, and 

 so on. R.D.M. 



Consult Broadhouse's The Organ Viewed from 

 Within; Clarke's Standard Organ Building. 



ORIFLAMME, or 'i flam, a streamer of red 

 silk, cut into three points, tipped with green 

 tassels and suspended from a golden lance. It 

 was the banner of Denis, patron saint of France. 

 In early French history it was received by the 

 kings from the abbot of Saint Denis, to be 



THE ORIFLAMME 

 Its two common forms. 



carried before them as they set out for battle. 

 An ensign designed from this ancient relic re- 

 mained the royal standard of France till the 

 time of Charles VII. 



OR'IGEN, surnamed ADAMANTIUS (about 

 185-about 254), one of the early Church fa- 

 thers. He was born at Alexandria, Egypt, and 

 was inducted into the Christian religion by his 

 father, who suffered martyrdom for his faith 

 when Origen was about seventeen years of age. 

 Shortly afterward the young man became a 



