OSAGE 



4417 



OSAKA 



brown. The well-known bobolink (which see) 

 is sometimes called the American ortolan. 



O'SAGE, an Indian tribe of Siouan stock, 

 now living on a reservation in Northeastern 

 Oklahoma. These Indians have the distinction 

 of being the richest tribe, per capita, of any 

 in the United States, for they secured good 

 terms in selling to the government their former 

 holdings between the Missouri and the Arkan- 

 sas rivers, and have materially added to their 

 h through the collection of royalties on 

 oil wells now being operated on their reserva- 

 tion. It is said that their prosperity has tended 

 to weaken them morally. The Osage Indians 

 generally friendly to the French through- 

 out the colonial period, and were frequently at 



tree for ornament, shade and hedges. The tree 

 also bears large thorns. It is remarkable for 

 the milky, bitter sap which makes the foliage 

 valuable food for silkworms, and for tannic acid 

 from roots and bark. Its most valuable part, 



OSAOE INDIAN FAMILY 

 From a photograph In 1917. 



war with the neighboring Cherokee, Chickasaw, 

 Creek, Choctaw and other tribes They are fast 

 diminishing in number, only about 1,300 sur- 

 viving, as contrasted with the 6,000 living in 

 tin early part of tin mm t -nth century. See 

 . 



OSAGE ORANGE, one of the most valuable 

 of native NoYth American trees. It was first 

 found in Arkansas and surrounding territory, 

 tin country of the Osage Indians, and it bears 

 an incdihlr fruit which rcH-mhlcs an orange; 

 In IK r the name. Growing to a height of from 

 thirty to H\ty feet, and bearing long, tap 



iing dark green, it is a desirable 

 277 



OSAGE ORANGE 



The tree, as seen in a hedge In winter; also 

 leaves, flowers, twig? and fruit. 



the wood, is yellow, hard, elastic and satiny. 

 Indians once made of it bows and clubs. It is 

 used for wagon wheels, fence posts, telegraph 

 poles, paving blocks, railroad ties and interior 

 woodwork. Experiments by the United States 

 government have shown that osage orange is 

 valuable as a substitute for aniline dyes, being 

 cheaper and about as efficient in producing 

 browns, old-gold, chocolate, tans and olive 

 shades, as fustic dyewood, which was heavily 

 imported before the War of the Nations. 



This tree is easily grown from root-cuttings, 

 and although native to Southwestern states is 

 widely cultivated as far north as New York. 

 It is generally free from insect pests and plant 

 diseases. 



OSAKA, or OZAKA, oza'kah, an important 

 manufacturing city and a commercial center for 

 the internal trade of Japan, situated on the 

 island of Hondo, on the Yedo River and on 

 the shore of Osaka Bay. It is seven miles 

 southwest of Kioto, and t \\vntv miles southeast 

 of Kobe, by rail As its port does not admit of 

 the entrance of large vessels, Osaka pours its 

 millions of dollars worth of productions into 

 the port of Kobe. It* nr business 



men have entered into business relations with 

 leading American and European cities in 1 1n- 

 expert of pearl buttons, hosiery, spun silk, raw 

 silk, glassware and porcelain. Shipbuilding and 

 the manufacture of iron and steel products are 

 also carried on extensively. Osaka is inter- 

 sected by canals and spanned by numerous 

 wooden bridges, which have given it the name 



