PAINE 



4446 



PAINT 



a Buddhist temple corresponding to the tower 

 of a Christian church. In common use it 

 has come to mean almost any Eastern religious 

 building, and is applied to peculiar-shaped 

 Chinese and Japanese temples, though the 

 word did not originate in either of those coun- 

 tries. There are probably 2,000 pagodas in 

 China, most of them built between the years 

 1368 and 1644. 



The pagoda of the Indian buddhist temples 

 is generally a remarkable specimen of archi- 

 tecture, and is above the entrance or imme- 

 diately above the inner sanctuary. The pagoda 

 is not the temple itself but merely an outside 

 decoration, in many cases a decoration of 

 almost priceless value. 



The Persian Butkadah, often erroneously 

 spoken of as a pagoda, is usually a memorial 

 building, and may or may not be connected 

 with a temple or religious building. In China 

 the pagoda, or really the peh-kuh-ta, is a tower, 

 generally of great beauty, and decorated with 

 costly carvings of ivory, bone and stone work. 

 In England the word has been degraded into 

 common use as the name of restaurants and 

 tea shops in the same way that the word kiosk 

 in Paris has come to mean simply a news stand. 



PAINE, THOMAS (1737-1809).. a political and 

 philosophical writer born in Norfolk, England. 

 After attempting various occupations, among 

 them those of stay maker, exciseman, preacher 

 and tobacconist, he removed in 1774 to America, 

 influenced by 

 Franklin, with 

 whom he had be- 

 come acquainted. 

 While employed 

 as editor of the 

 Pcnnsylva nia 

 Magazine in 1776, 

 he became sud- 

 denly prominent 

 through the pub- 

 1 i c a t i o n of his 

 pamphlet entitled 

 Common Sense, THOMAS PAINE 



in u-hiMi Km nH Possibly the most notable 

 m \\nicn he ad- crltlc of the Blble that any 



vocated complete country has produced, 

 independence for America and the establish- 

 ment of a republican government. The repu- 

 tation which he thus acquired with the radical 

 element grew with the publication, at inter- 

 vals throughout the war, of a series of pam- 

 phlets called The Crisis. He was made secre- 

 tary, in 1777, to the committee on foreign af- 

 fairs, but was dismissed two years later for 



making use of diplomatic secrets in his writings. 

 As a reward for services which he had per- 

 formed and that he might have leisure to de- 

 vote himself to public affairs, he was given 

 sums of money by Congress and by the state 

 of Pennsylvania, and a farm at New Rochelle 

 by the state of New York. 



Paine went to Europe in 1787, spent some 

 time in France, and then crossed to England. 

 While in England he published (1792) his 

 Rights of Alan, a reply to Burke's attack on 

 the French Revolution. This made him ex- 

 ceedingly unpopular in England but won him 

 great favor in France, whither he had gone 

 after the publication of the pamphlet, and 

 he was elected a member of the French Na- 

 tional Convention. His opposition to the exe- 

 cution of Louis XVI offended the radical party 

 in the convention, and he was excluded from 

 that body and imprisoned. During his impris- 

 onment he worked on the second part of his 

 Age of Reason, the first part of which was 

 published in London and Paris just after his 

 arrest. On his release he regained his seat in 

 the Convention. In 1802 he returned to the 

 United States, and from that time until his 

 death took little part in public affairs. While 

 his early efforts in the patriotic cause won 

 him the gratitude of the Americans, his attack 

 on religion in the Age of Reason alienated 

 many of them. This work, while it in some 

 places attains real eloquence in its pleas for 

 morality, is in its ridicule of religion as re- 

 vealed in the Bible both unscholarly and mis- 

 leading. It was once very popular, but is no 

 longer widely read. 



PAINT. We paint the exterior of our houses 

 to protect them from the weather and to 

 improve their appearance, and we paint their 

 interiors to make them more beautiful. The 

 two great purposes for which paint is used are 

 protection and ornamentation. 



Paint consists of a coloring matter called 

 a pigment mixed with a liquid called a vehicle. 

 Most pigments are mineral substances, such as 

 white lead; zinc white; ocher, which consists 

 of clay colored with an oxide of iron; the lead 

 chromate and cadmium compounds, which are 

 yellow; the lakes of various colors, consisting 

 of some such mineral substance as clay colored 

 with a dye; compounds of cobalt, which pro- 

 duce blue; and umber and sepia, which are 

 brown. Carbon, in the form of lampblack or 

 boneblack, forms the basis of black paints. 

 Indigo comes from a plant, and cochineal, from 

 which carmine is obtained, from an insect. 



