PAINTING 



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PAINTING 



Other Nations. At the beginning of the 

 nineteenth century Cornelius, with Overbeck, 

 Veit and others, formed the association of 

 Nazarene Painters, which had an important 

 influence on German art. Cornelius also re- 

 vived the long-neglected art of fresco painting. 

 Kaulbach was his most noted pupil. Through 

 the influence of Kaulbach and others the stiff 

 forms of the Nazarene painters were forgotten 

 in the brilliant paintings of the best repre- 

 sentations of the modern school, among whom 

 were Knaus, the Berlin genre painter; Max, 

 the poet painter of Munich; Lenbach, who 

 immortalized Bismarck in art; and Heinrich 

 Hofmann, whose Christ in the Temple in the 

 Dresden Gallery is one of the representative 

 paintings of the modern school. Josef Israels 

 brought again to Dutch painting the glory of 

 the seventeenth-century period. In Spain, So- 

 rolla painted wonderful landscape scenes, par- 

 ticularly pictures of the sea. The greatest 

 representatives of Russian painting are Swe- 

 domsky, the historical painter; Vereshchagin, 

 traveler and artist, whose war scenes are widely 

 known in Europe and America, and Kramskoe, 

 a painter of religious subjects. 



Painting in the United States. Until the 

 early part of the nineteenth century art in 

 America followed that in England. The first 

 American artist of repute was John Singleton 

 Copley, whose portraits of leading characters 

 in New England history previous to the Revo- 

 lutionary War are highly prized. Benjamin 

 West, who attained distinction in London, was 

 born in Pennsylvania, and for a time had a 

 studio in Philadelphia. Gilbert Stuart attained 

 distinction as a portrait painter, and his Wash- 

 ington, although unfinished, is considered to 

 be the best likeness of the "Father of his 

 Country." Among American landscape artists 

 who have attained distinction are George In- 

 ness, whose works were exhibited at the Paris 

 Expositions of 1867 and 1900; Bierstadt, whose 

 Yosemite and other scenes of the Rocky Moun- 

 tains have given him more than a national 

 reputation, and Moran, whose Grand Canyon 

 of the Yellowstone was placed in the Capitol 

 at Washington. Trumbull, the foremost his- 

 torical painter, is noted for his scenes of tin 

 Revolutionary War, four of which adorn the 

 Capitol at Washington. John La Farge was 

 th greatest of American decorators. Winslow 

 Homer is noted for his sea scenes and fishes; 

 Whistler, for his mystic creations and his por- 

 traits, and Sargent, for his mural decoration 

 and realistic portraits. 



The first great step towards the development 

 of an American school of art was the founding 

 of the American Academy of Design in New 

 York in 1825. The art exhibit at the Centen- 

 nial Exposition of Philadelphia in 1876 strik- 

 ingly revealed the inferiority of American 

 painting. It became the custom for American 

 artists to study abroad in Paris, Munich and 

 Rome. French, German and Italian methods 

 were introduced by these artists into the United 

 States, and the society of American Artists 

 was founded in New York to perpetuate these 

 ideals. 



Several of the leading cities now have art 

 schools of a high order of excellence. The col- 

 lections in art museums and private galleries 

 contain many works of rare merit, and the in- 

 fluence of these institutions, together with the 

 instruction in art in the public schools, is 

 gradually raising the public standard of art 

 throughout the country. 



Painting in Canada. Previous to the found- 

 ing of the Royal Canadian Academy in 1880 

 the best painters of the Dominion went abroad 

 to study and usually remained in France or 

 England. Since the beginning of the present 

 century there has been a strong movement 

 exerted in favor of Canadian art, and its influ- 

 ence is gaining strength throughout the Do- 

 minion. In 1907 the Canadian Art Club, in- 

 cluding among its membership several promi- 

 nent artists, was founded to promote present 

 advanced tendencies. Among the best known 

 Canadian artists are Archibald Browne, Clar- 

 ance Gagnon, William Hope and Homer Wat- 

 son. 



Twelve Great Paintings. The following are 

 usually listed by art critics as the world's 

 twelve greatest paintings: 



Assumption of the Virgin, by Titian ; Aurora. 

 by Guido Renl ; Beatrice Cenci, by Guldo Renl ; 

 Communion of Saint Jerome, by Domenlchlno ; 

 Descent from the Cross, by Rubens ; Descent from 

 the Cross, by Volterra ; Holy Night, by Correggio ; 

 Immaculate Conception, by Murlllo ; Last Judg- 

 ment, by Michelangelo ; Last Supper, by Da 

 Vinci ; Sistine Madonna, by Raphael ; Transfigu- 

 ration, by Raphael. 



For descriptions of these paintings see else- 

 where in this article One Hundred Famous 

 Paintings. 



Related Subject*. The following biographic* 

 of famous artists and articles on more 

 topics will supplement admirably this 

 of painting: 

 Abbey. Edwin Austin Alma-Tadema, 



John W Lawrence 



Allston, Washington AnjftHco, Frm, 



