PARCHMENT 



I I'.'J 



PARENT AND CHILD 



by uMiig i he parcel p< >rmous 



proportions. Figures collected at Berne, Swit- 

 zerland, in 1904 for use of the Postal Union 

 showed that :nailed arra-s the frontiers 



of thirty-six nations and colonies numbered 

 about 38,000.000 annually. The volume of do- 

 ..f the nations concerned made 

 ,,0-ibl. by parcel po>t was even greater, i 



PARCH'MENT, material made from the 

 f sheep, poats and other animal-. u- -d 

 principally a> writing material. The liner 

 ; /MMI, are made from the >kins 

 f calves, kids and stillborn lambs. Parch- 

 ment is prepared by removing the wool or hair 

 from the skin, placing the latter in lime to dis- 

 charge the fat. then stretching it upon a frame 

 and dressing it with knives and scrapers. Pul- 

 verized chalk is rubbed on with pumice stone, to 

 smooth and soften the skin and to obtain a uni- 

 form thickness. The heavier parchment u.-ed 

 for drumheads is made from the skins of &SM8, 

 B, wolves and goats. The finer ur.nlr 

 is used for important writings, such Bfl char- 

 ters, university diplomas, wills, etc. 



Parchment paper, or vegetable parchment, 

 irst manufactured in 1857. is used for legal 

 documents, maps. etc.. and for connecting labo- 

 ratory apparatus. This is made by dipping 

 pure, unsized paper into a cooled mixture which 

 \t of two parts of sulphuric acid to one 

 part of water, then washing to remove the 

 acid, and finally drying under pressure. 



PARDON, in law. is the remitting, in whole 



or in part, of puni-hm< nt imposed for the com- 



im ion of a crime. The power of pardoning 



offenses against the United States is vested by 



institution in the President and extends 



to all cases except those of impeachment of 



Timed 9( Bio re, The power of pardon 



in the various >iaii- usually re.-ts with the 



or, but a g require the sanction 



branch of the legulatlire, and some have 



board of pardons, of which the governor, 



ex offi' nd to which applica- 



for pardon mu-t be made. 



Pardon- <-on-i*t of three classes, absolute, 

 and general. An absolute pardon 

 frees the person without any condition; a con- 

 ilitifiHftl pardon is one in which certain con- 

 ditions must be complied with; a general par- 

 don applies to a group of offenders guilty of 

 the same offense. Commutation oj sentence 

 lessens the term of punishment, while a re- 

 prieve is a suspension of a death sentence for 

 a specified time which results in delay of exe- 

 cution. Since the laws of the different states 



vary in detail, on- interested in the subject 

 should consult the laws of his state. See 

 PAROLE. 



Canada. In Canada pardons are granted by 

 the Crown, which means by the Governor-Gen- 

 eral in Council. A commutation of sentence is 



also granird by the same authority. A reprieve 

 may be granted by the judge of the court be- 

 fore whom the trial was held or by any other 

 judge qualified to sit in that court, provided 

 the (inventor-General believes royal mercy 

 ^hould be extended, or that some point of law 

 relating to the conviction has not been decided. 



PARENT AND CHILD. Between the pres- 

 ent day and the time of the early Romans. 

 when a father had power of life and death not 

 only over his own children but over his grand- 

 children as well, there has been a revolution in 

 public sentiment ' regarding children. To-da\ 

 the welfare of a child is considered equal or 

 superior in importance to the legal rights of 

 others to control him. Some of this change 

 in thought came early enough to be expn>-rd 

 in English common law, which is followed both 

 in the United States and Canada, but part of 

 it is embodied only in statutes, which differ in 

 each state and province. 



Parents' Duties and Responsibilities. The 

 father of children, or the mother, if she is the 

 legal head of the family, must support them 

 and educate them. The head of the family 

 may correct them and punish them when in 

 sary, but for cruelty he is liable to prosecution 

 for assault. Under many statutes the state 

 may take a child out of the possession of its 

 parents for its own protection. In general, a 

 parent is responsible for debts contracted or 

 damage done by his child, but he is not respon- 

 -ible for the child's acts. In some instances 

 a will which makes no provision for children i- 

 void. 



Teachers' Duties and Responsibilities. Any 

 -on who temporarily or permanently as- 

 sumes a parent's duties is considered at law to 

 be in loco parentis, that is, in place oj tin 

 parent. Thus a teacher may discipline a child. 

 but must not indulge in cruelty. A public 

 school teacher cannot compel a pupil to study 

 any subject against the wishes of its parent-. 

 nor punish it for obeying its parents, but tin: 

 child may be excluded from the school. School 

 authorities may expel pupils for breaches of 

 discipline, general immoral character or re- 

 fusal to do prescribed work. In some states 

 the courts have held expulsion to be legal when 

 the parent offends in one of several ways: for 



