PASTORAL POETRY 



4623 



PATENT 



clustry of the country by discovering the para- 

 iti.-ini: the ruinous silkworm dis- 

 II-- laid the foundation for the isolation 

 of the perms of tuberculosis, cholera, diphthe- 

 ria, lockjaw and other infectious diseases, he 

 discovered the method of checking hydropho- 

 .rion. and he showed how anthrax 

 in c p. fowl cholera and similar 



-PS of animal- could be prevented or con- 

 quer. <1. Th- procesfl of arresting fermentation 

 ;lk, known as pasteurizing (see MII.K 



of his labors, and has been the 

 means of saving the lives of many children. 

 Pasteur also made valuable contributions to 

 antiseptic surgery. In brief, he helped to make 

 the world a better and a safer place of habita- 

 tion, both for human beings and for animals. 



The Pasteur Institute, where research work 

 in bacteriology is constantly carried on, has 

 been called the "world's greatest life-saving in- 

 stitution." The Rockefeller Institute for medi- 

 cal research, in the United States, is similar in 

 hods and purpose. 



See BACTERIA AND BACTERIOLOGY ; DISEASE, and 

 in connection with those 



subjects. Consult Herter's The Influence of Paa- 

 l Science. 



PAS'TORAL POETRY, in general, is any 

 v which treats of country life; more spe- 

 ,lly. an artificial form which uses shepherds 

 and shepherdesses as its characters, a rural set- 

 tmir. anl love as its theme, but which in reality 

 portrays the ideas, the feelings, and even the 

 happenings of life on a higher plane. Almost 

 v it has flouri.-hed when lift- was espe- 

 cially corrupt, or at least artificial. Among the 

 Greeks pastoral poems were known as idyls, 

 most successfully attempted by Tin - 

 in- most famous of 



\e little (if the true nature 

 -pint about them, ;ili<l the -aine may be 

 of tl.. B ' illu- and the other 



M poets. 



inland, tin* fir-t pastoral of note was 

 /r. which app' 



in 1 ' is no 



other them.- v.a- -.. common in Kngli*h litera- 

 ture tl the moir or le-> artificial longing 

 Miupliei' 'owe wrote the Pa.< 



1 10 Arcadia, Ben Jonson 



/ and Shakespeare An You 



It. Mi! <* and Lycida*, the one 



a masque, the other an elegy, have both the pas- 



! si-Mum . Pope's pastoral poetry is t 

 I'uirhly conventional, but such later poets as 

 Cowper, Bum*. Shelley and Tennyson show in 



their work the true love and understanding of 

 nature. 



PATAGO'NIA, a geographic term formerly 

 applied to that portion of South America lying 

 south of the thirty-eighth parallel. The region 

 was discovered and named by Magellan in 

 and was left unclaimed until 1881 when by 

 treaty it was divided between Chile and 

 gentina. The name has now no political 

 nificance. The portion of land west of the 

 Andes is the Chilean territory of Magalla: 

 that on the east side of the mountains co: 

 tutes the Argentine territories of Rio Negro, 

 Chubut and Santa Cruz. The Chilean section 

 of what was Patagonia contains the southern- 

 most city in the world Punta Arenas. It has 

 a population of 12,200. See CHILE; An 



TINA. 



Consult Prltchard's Through the Heart of Pata- 

 yonia; Willis's Northern Patagonia. 



PAT'ENT, an official document, issued by 

 national authority, securing to one who has 

 perfected an invention exclusive control of the 

 same, both as to manufacture and salt -. for a 

 limited number of years. Since no such ripht 



UNITED STATES PATENT ol 1 K'i: 

 Washington, D. C. 



existed under the common law, it is only issued 

 in conformity with statutory regulati- 



III the Tinted States, the Constitution places 

 nts under the control of Congress, ami a- 

 early as 1790 the lirst act governing the grant- 

 ing of patent.s was passed. Changes were made 

 in the regulations from time to time, until Is7n. 

 when the \:inou< in. a-nre- concerning pa 1 

 that date comparatixrh 

 . n made. 



A patent can be issued only for an invention. 

 a new mechanical development or disco\ 

 but not all such discoveries are patent able. A 

 scholar \\ho discovers a new element, hk- 

 dium. cannot possibly secure a patent on it. 

 !'<> be entitled to a patent a person rnu-t : 



nted or discovered some new and n- ml 

 art, machine, manufacture or composition of 



