PATTI 



PAUL 



or eight miles along two titles, and as far back 

 into the country &s convenient, provided he 

 should, within four years, establish there a 

 colony of fifty persons over fifteen years of age. 

 Later the tract of land could extend only four 

 miles along a river bank or coast, and only 

 eight miles inland. The period of settlement 

 irtened to three years, and the privileges 

 of the system were granted to all desirable in- 

 habitants of New Netherland. The system had 

 many objectionable features, for the patroon, or 

 proprietor, had about the same power as a 

 feudal lord, and in time there developed in New 

 York a typical landed aristocracy. The effects 

 of the system were felt well into the nineteenth 

 century J ' n 1844 an antirent rebellion, started 

 by some of the tenants on the old patroon es- 

 was suppressed by military force. 



PATTI, pat'c, ADELINA JUAN A MARIA (1843- 

 ), the most famous singer of the nineteenth 

 century, and one of the greatest of any age, 

 was born a,t Madrid, Spain. Her father was 

 Italian, her mother, Spanish, and both were 

 gifted with song. Her early childhood was 

 spent in America and her first training in music 

 was received in New York from her brother-in- 

 law, Maurice Strakosch, formerly a well-known 

 singer. When she was but seven years old she 

 began to sing in the most prominent concert- 

 halls of New York and when sixteen attracted 

 unusual attention by her marvelous singing as 

 Lucia in Donizetti's opera, Lucia di Lammer- 

 moor. Two years later she began to take lead- 

 ing operatic parts in London, and immediately 

 was proclaimed by English critics as one of 

 the world's greatest singers. Her work in 

 France, Spain, Italy, Norway and Sweden was 

 so successful that in many of the larger cities 

 of those countries vast crowds of admirers fol- 

 lowed her through the streets. 



In 1868 she married the Marquis de Caux of 

 France, but was divorced in 1885. Soon after- 

 wards she married the famous tenor Nicolini, 

 who died in 1898; in 1899 she married Baron 

 Cederstrom of Sweden. In 1885 she bought a 

 castle at Craig-y-Nos in Wales and there 

 erected a private theater where from time to 

 time she gave concerts not only for the wealthy 

 and noted but for the Welsh peasants in the 

 neighborhood. Her kindness to these humble 

 people has made her one of the most beloved 

 women in Great Britain, and many a poor 

 Welsh family has gone to her for help or conso- 

 lation in time of trouble. After 1890 Patti 

 made no regular concert tours, but frequently 

 filled special engagements in America and Great 



Britain, and sang in the United Siate> a> late 

 a> 1911. She wisely avoided the heavy roles 

 of Wagner's operas and therefore preserved her 

 voice in much of its original beauty in old ajze. 



PAUL, the name of five Popes of the Roman 

 Catholic Church. Of these Paul I was least 

 important. He was born in the year 767 and 

 was the successor on the Papal throne of his 

 brother, Stephen III. This Pope had the sup- 

 port of the temporal power, for Pepin, Kini: 

 of the Franks, gave him assistance in his strug- 

 gle against the Lombards. 



Paul II, Pope from 1464 to 1471, was a 

 nephew of Pope Eugenius IV, by whom he was 

 created a cardinal in 1440. On being elevated 

 to the Papacy he began at once to try to unite 

 the Christian kingdoms of Europe against the 

 Turks, who were threatening to invade Italy. 

 The most pronounced tendency of Paul II was 

 his hostile attitude toward the Renaissance. 

 He opposed the new learning, not because he 

 objected to scholarliness as such, but 'because 

 he feared that the introduction of the ancient 

 Greek culture might mean a return of the 

 pagan religion and pagan morals. 



Paul III was born in Tuscany in 1468, and 

 was made a cardinal by Alexander VI in 1493. 

 In 1534 he was elected to the Papal chair, and 

 in that high office continued the efforts at re- 

 form which had marked his previous adminis- 

 tration as bishop of Ostia. In the interests of 

 reform he several times tried to summon a 

 council, which finally met at Trent in 1545, hav- 

 ing been repeatedly postponed because of the 

 constant struggle between Francis I of France 

 and Emperor Charles V (see TRENT, COUNCIL 

 OF). It was Paul III who excommunicated 

 Henry VIII of England, and restored the In- 

 quisition for the suppression of heresy. He 

 also made Michelangelo chief architect of Saint 

 Peter's. He died in 1549. 



Paul IV, Pope from 1555 to 1559, became 

 bishop of Chieti in 1507, archbishop of Brindisi 

 in 1518, and in 1524 founded the Order of secu- 

 lar clergy which he called Theatines. He was 

 seventy-nine years of age when he was made 

 Pope, but he showed an unexpected vigor, act- 

 ing on the reform principles which he had in- 

 stituted in his earlier offices. He reorganized 

 the Inquisition, established a censorship of 

 books, bettered the conditions of the poorer 

 classes and demanded a stricter administration 

 of justice. Queen Elizabeth of England, who 

 followed the Catholic Mary, was at her acn-. 

 sion to the throne declared by him to be ille- 

 gitimate. 



