PAUL I 



4530 



PAUPERISM 



1-23). There he was kept in confinenment for 

 two years more, although his friends were al- 

 lowed to visit him. They labored for his re- 

 lease, which was probably obtained, for there 

 are later accounts of his work in Asia and in 

 Macedonia. According to tradition he was 

 again arrested and was beheaded, probably as a 

 result of the persecution against the Christians 

 begun by Nero. 



Paul's Epistles. These were letters to his 

 friends and various churches; they form a con- 

 siderable part of the New Testament. On his 

 second missionary journey he wrote First and 

 Second Thessalonians; on the third trip he 

 wrote Galatians, First and Second Corinthians 

 and Romans, and while in Rome in prison, 

 Colossians, Philemon, Ephesians and Philip- 

 pians. After his release he wrote Titus and 

 First and Second Timothy. Second Corinthians 

 describes his own life more completely than any 

 other book, for most of the Epistles deal with 

 the truths of Christianity and its application to 

 life. The most important of the Epistles are 

 treated in these volumes under the proper 

 heading. B.C. 



Consult Ramsey's The Teaching of Saint Paul 

 in Terms of the Present Day. 



PAUL I (1754-1801), an Emperor of Russia, 

 son of Peter III and Catharine the Great. His 

 mother treated him with neglect and even 

 cruelty, and planned to exclude him from the 

 succession, and to her behavior toward him 

 many of his faults of character were doubtless 

 due. He became emperor on the death of his 

 mother in 1796, and almost from the first 

 proved himself a despot of the most extreme 

 type. Some authorities, indeed, do not hesi- . 

 tate to call him a madman. 



He established spies everywhere, and sub- 

 jected to the utmost brutality anyone against 

 whom his suspicions were aroused. Entering 

 the struggle against France when it was torn 

 with the Revolution, he sent out several armies, 

 one of which won signal victories in Italy ; but 

 he became angry with England because the 

 Island of Malta was not surrendered to him, 

 and with Sweden and Denmark formed a league 

 against England. In 1801, a plot was made to 

 force him to abdicate in favor of his son, Alex- 

 ander I, and when he refused to accede 

 promptly to the demands of the group of 

 drunken officers who headed the conspiracy, he 

 was strangled. 



PAULISTS, pawl'ists, the familiar name of 

 an Order of Roman Catholic priests, properly 

 The ConyregQtiQn of Missionary Priests. 



of Saint Paul, the Apostle. It was founded in 

 New York City in 1858 by the Rev. Isaac 

 Thomas Hecker, and is the only religious Or- 

 der which originated in America. Organized for 

 missionary work in the United States, the 

 Paulists direct their efforts toward propagating 

 their faith among non-Catholics. The churches 

 of this Order, especially those of New York 

 City and Chicago, are noted for their excellent 

 boy choirs, that of the latter city having re- 

 ceived recognition and applause in all the large 

 cities of the United States and in Europe. It is 

 second only to the famous boy choir of the 

 Vatican. 



PAUNCEFOTE, pawns' foot, JULIAN, First 

 Baron (1828-1902), an English statesman, con- 

 nected somewhat intimately with English and 

 American diplomatic relations for many years. 

 He was born at Munich, of English parents, was 

 educated in Paris and Geneva, and in 1852 was 

 called to the bar. After practicing law in Hong- 

 kong and serving as attorney-general there, he 

 became in 1873 chief justice of the Leeward 

 Islands. Returning to England in the next year 

 he was made assistant under-secretary for the 

 colonies and two years later for the foreign 

 office. In 1882 he was made permanent under- 

 secretary of state for foreign affairs, and in 1885 

 was a delegate to the Suez Canal Commission 

 at Paris. 



In 1889 he became minister to the United 

 States, and during his term of office, in 1893, 

 the title was changed from minister to ambassa- 

 dor. The Bering Sea controversy, the Vene- 

 zuela affair and the revisions of the Clayton- 

 Buhver Treaty known as the Hay-Pauncefote 

 Treaty were among the problems with which he 

 was called upon to deal during his thirteen 

 years' stay at Washington. When the Hague 

 Conference was called in 1899, Pauncefote at- 

 tended as senior British delegate, and he was 

 largely instrumental in having tfye permanent 

 Court of Arbitration established. It was for 

 this last achievement that he was created 

 Baron Pauncefote of Preston. 



PAUPERISM, paw'periz'm. Legally, a 

 pauper is a person who is in such a state of 

 poverty that he must depend upon public or 

 private charity for support. There are many 

 families which are compelled to ask for help 

 under stress of unusual conditions sickness of 

 the chief breadwinner, scarcity of employment, 

 etc. but such families are not pauperized by 

 accepting occasional charity. Pauperism may 

 be defined as a condition of permanent or 

 chronic destitution, Its causes and remedies 



