PENNSYLVANIA 



The mining of anthracite increased from one 

 ton a day in 1820 to about 140,000 tons a day 

 in 1900, and the present output ranges from 

 80,000,000 to 90,000,000 long tons per year. The 

 output of bituminous coal is steadily increas- 

 ing, and the annual production is now between 

 150,000,000 and 200,000,000 short tons. The work- 

 able anthracite fields cover about 480 square 

 miles; the estimated available supply exceeds 

 16,150,000,000 short tons, and there are 14,200 

 square miles of bituminous coal in which the 

 supply still available is probably over 108,400,- 

 000,000 short tons. Many provisions have been 

 made for the health and safety of miners. 



Pennsylvania's output of coke, most of which 

 comes from the great ovens at Connellsville, is 

 more than the combined production of all other 

 states in the Union. 



Next in importance among the mineral in- 

 dustries is the production of cement and of 

 clay products. The Lehigh district, including 

 four counties in Pennsylvania and one in New 

 Jersey, is the greatest cement-producing region 

 in the world, and furnishes almost one-third of 

 the cement used in the United States. Although 

 the Keystone State leads in the production of 

 fire brick, it is surpassed by Ohio in the total 

 value of its clay products. 



Two other great sources of fuel are petro- 

 leum and natural gas. In the production of 

 the former West Virginia exceeds Pennsylvania 

 in quantity, but when ranked according to the 

 value of the amount produced and consumed 

 the latter state leads. Petroleum of "Pennsyl- 

 vania grade" has become famous and is the 

 standard by which other crude oils are judged. 

 It is free from sulphur and asphalt and con- 

 tains a large amount of gasoline and paraffin. 

 The state ranks fifth in value of petroleum pro- 

 duced, although it once ranked first. 



Although Pennsylvania owes its preeminent 

 position as a mineral state to its coal, it also 

 ranks first in the value of marketed stone prod- 

 ucts; it is first in the yield of slate, producing 

 three-fifths of the total output of the states; 

 first in limestone, lime, sand and gravel. Other 

 important minerals are iron, feldspar, glass sand, 

 graphite, copper, metallic paints and mineral 

 waters. 



Manufactures. The abundance of fuel and 

 raw materials, excellent means of transporta- 

 tion and the proximity of the markets to New 

 York, Philadelphia and Pittsburgh have all 

 combined to develop the stupendous manufac- 

 turing industries of Pennsylvania, which surpass 

 those of any other state except New York. 



PENNSYLVANIA 



As early as 1756 Pennsylvania was said to 

 be the "most advanced of the American colo- 

 nies in regard to its ironworks," and it has 

 continued to be the country's greatest producer 

 of iron and steel products. The annual output 

 of pig iron, exceeding 12,000.000 tons, far sur- 

 passes that of any other state. The steel prod- 

 ucts of Pennsylvania and the skill of its engi- 

 neers are famous in all parts of the world. The 

 bridge over the Atbara River in the Soudan in 

 Africa was made by the American Bridge Com- 

 pany of Philadelphia; the Hawkesbury River 

 bridge in Australia is also made of Pennsyl- 

 vania steel. The Baldwin locomotives and the 

 Westinghouse air-brake are used by railroads 

 in all parts of the world ; in the construction of 

 steel cars and locomotives Pennsylvania is with- 

 out a rival among the states. Another impor- 

 tant branch of steel construction is the build- 

 ing of ships; the yards bordering the Delaware 

 in the vicinity of Philadelphia and Chester are 

 the largest in the world, with the exception of 

 the Clyde yards in Scotland. 



The manufacture of textiles follows the iron 

 and steel industry in importance, and in this 

 branch Pennsylvania ranks second among the 

 states. It includes the production of woolens, 

 worsted and felt goods, silks, knit goods, hosiery 

 and cotton goods. 



The tanning and finishing of leather is an- 

 other of the principal industries and one in 

 which this state outranks all others. Since 

 there are about 115 manufactures in which 

 Pennsylvania holds first, second or third place, 

 only a few of them can be mentioned here. 

 Besides the products given above, the state is 

 one of the first three in the production of tin- 

 plate and plate glass, steel springs, surgical 

 supplies, felt hats, sandpaper, bread and bakery 

 products, carpets, women's clothing, electrical 

 machinery and supplies, explosives, gold and 

 silver leaf and foil, liquors, chemicals, chocolate 

 and cocoa products, cooperage, cutlery, dye- 

 stuffs and extracts, glue, marble and stonework, 

 roofing materials, pottery and terra cotta prod- 

 ucts. Petroleum, tobacco and sugar refining 

 should also be included among the foremost 

 manufacturing enterprises. 



The leading manufacturing cities are Phila- 

 delphia, Pittsburgh, Reading, Johnstown, Mc- 

 Keesport, New Castle, South Bethlehem, Scran- 

 ton, Allentown, Erie, Harrisburg, Chester, York, 

 Altoona, Lancaster, Wilkes-Barre and Williams- 

 port. 



Transportation and Communication. The 

 Delaware River on the east; the Delaware and 



