SCOTLAND 



5261 



SCOTLAND 



Canal extends from the Clyde Canal to Edin- 

 burgh, and the Crinan from Loch Gilp to Jura 

 Sound. Leith, Dundee, Grangemouth and Aber- 

 deen are the large ports of the east coast, and 

 Glasgow, Greenock and Kilmarnock are the im- 

 portant commercial ports of the Firth of Clyde, 

 on the west. 



As in the other divisions of the British. Isles, 

 the coasting, foreign and colonial trade is large. 

 Great quantities of coal are exported from 

 Glasgow and ports on the Firth of Forth, and 

 iron and textiles are also sent out. Many of 

 Scotland's imports are brought into the coun- 

 try by rail through England, and as a result 

 the value of goods entering Scottish ports is 

 less than one-eleventh of that brought into 

 English ports. 



Local Government. (For Central Govern- 

 ment see GREAT BRITAIN.) In 1894 the Local 

 Government Board for Scotland was created, 

 consisting of the Secretary for Scotland, the 

 Governor-General, the Undersecretary and 

 three other members appointed by the Crown. 



The counties and parishes are administered by 

 councils similar to those in England. Burghs 

 or towns are governed by municipal boards, 

 provosts and bailies. There are five kinds of 

 chartered burghs, burghs of barony and re- 

 gality, and royal, parliamentary and police 

 burghs. In the first two, which are practically 

 the same, there are no councils. Representa- 

 tives from the royal and parliamentary burghs, 

 which have statutory constitutions, meet to- 

 gether for the transaction of business. The 

 police commissioners are the local authorities 

 in the police burghs, and these towns may also 

 send representatives to the convention. Accord- 

 ing to Scotch usage "police" includes drainage, 

 paving, lighting conditions, etc. 



Judicial Department. The supreme civil 

 court is the Court of Session. The Court of 

 Justiciary, composed of judges of the Court of 

 Session, is the highest authority in criminal 

 cases. The inferior courts are sheriff courts, 

 justices of the peace, bailie, dean of guild and 

 police courts. 



History of Scotland 



Early Inhabitants. At the time of the Ro- 

 man invasion of the British Isles, 78-82 A. D., 

 Caledonia, or that region north of the Forth 

 and Clyde Rivers, was occupied by a compos- 

 ite race, descendants of the Celtic invaders and 

 a non-Aryan people, the original inhabitants of 

 the country. These Caledonians were later 

 called Picts and were the ruling people of 

 North Britain when it was invaded by the Scots 

 from Ireland. The Teuton Britons invaded the 

 south and Lowland regions, and Scotland's 

 early history is a story of the continual war- 

 fare between the Picts of the Northern High- 

 lands, the Scots and the heathen Teutonic in- 

 vaders. The Scots were Christians before their 

 invasion of Caledonia, and the Picts were con- 

 verted by Saint Columba, the Celtic mission- 

 ary from Ireland. 



Establishment of the Kingdom of Scotland. 

 In the ninth century the Picts and Scots were 

 united under Kenneth MacAlpin, king of the 

 Scots, and a hundred years later this kingdom 

 became known as Scotland. Until the eleventh 

 century, the country was chiefly occupied in 

 wars with the Norsemen, who had settled in 

 the Orkney and Shetland islands, and with the 

 English in the south. Revolts and intrigues 

 against the king were frequent among the 

 mormaors, the rulers of the various Scottish 

 provinces, and the toisechs, or tribal chieftains. 



The purely Celtic monarchy ended with the 

 accession of Malcolm Canmore (1058), after 

 the death of Macbeth. Malcolm strengthened 

 the growing English influence in Scotland by 

 his support of the English king against the 

 Norman invaders, but he, at length, was forced 

 to submit to William the Conqueror and do 

 homage for his kingdom. 



The feudal system in Church and State spread 

 over Scotland in the twelfth century. David I 

 (1124-1153), called the "Maker of Scotland," 

 reformed justice, established towns and bish- 

 oprics, replaced Scotch lords and churchmen 

 by English and Norman nobles and acquired 

 Northumberland by conquest. In 1175 the Scot- 

 tish king, William the Lion, was captured in 

 an invasion of England, and for the next four- 

 teen years Scotland was a feudal dependency 

 of England. William's son, Alexander II, re- 

 nounced his claim to the northeastern prov- 

 inces of England for a yearly payment of 

 about $1,000, but his successor, Alexander III, 

 recovered the western islands from l^he Norse- 

 men by treaty in 1266. 



The Struggle for Independence (1286-1328). 

 Although the English kings claimed an over- 

 lordship over Scottish rulers, the latter, except 

 William the Lion, paid homage for their Eng- 

 lish possessions only. After the death of Alex- 

 ander III, there were thirteen claimants to the 



