SCULPTURE 



5277 



SCUTARI 



painters, Frederick Leighton (1830-1896), whose 

 Athlete Struggling with Python is now in the 

 Tate Gallery, and George F. Watts (1817-1904), 

 whose Clytie, in the same gallery, is a work of 

 beauty and great power. Among the later 

 sculptors of distinction are Thomas Brock 

 (1847- ), who represents a revolt against 

 classicism; William Hamo Thornycroft (1850- 

 ), a sculptor of classical tendencies; Alfred 

 Gilbert (1854- ), the first English sculptor 

 to preach and practice individualism; Edward 

 Onslow Ford (1852-1901), famed for his deli- 

 cately modeled portrait busts and statues; and 

 J. M. Swan (1847-1910), a noted sculptor of 

 wild animals. 



Denmark. Bertel Thorwaldsen (1770-1844), 

 next to Canova, exerted the most influence 

 upon the art of his day in bringing about the 

 classical revival. He is the greatest figure in 

 the history of Danish art. 



United States. Early American sculptors of 

 prominence were influenced chiefly by the art 

 of Thorwaldsen and Canova, and their work 

 is classical in spirit. Among them were Ho- 

 ratio Greenough (1805-1852), Hiram Powers 

 (1805-1873), sculptor of the celebrated Greek 

 Slave, William Wetmore Story (1819-1895), 

 Randolph Rogers (1825-1892) and Harriet Hos- 

 mer (1830-1908). A more distinctly American 

 art was developed by such artists as Thomas 

 Ball (1819-1911), Henry Kirke Brown (1814- 

 1886), J. Q. A. Ward (1830-1910) and John Rog- 

 ers (1829-1904). The Centennial Exposition, 

 held at Philadelphia in 1876, is a landmark in 

 the history of American sculpture, for since 

 that time American artists have been wholly 

 free from the influence of classic art. The most 

 powerful influence has been that of the Paris 

 schools and studios, in which numerous Ameri- 

 can sculptors have sought inspiration and 

 knowledge. The best representatives of mod- 

 ern sculpture in the United States include Saint 

 Gaudens and his gifted pupil Frederick Mac- 

 Monnies, -Daniel Chester French, Paul Bartlett, 

 Charles H. Niehaus, A. P. Proctor, George 

 Grey Barnard, Gutzon Borglum, Lorado Taft 

 and C. J. Mulligan. B.M.W. 



Consult Shedd's Famous Sculptures and Sculp- 

 ture; Taft's History of American Sculpture; 

 Kuril's Greek Sculpture; Perkins' Italian Sculp- 

 tors. 



Related Subjects. The following articles in 

 these volumes will supplement the above discus- 

 sion of sculpture : 

 Alto-Rilievo Carving 



Bas-Relief Colossus 



Bust Elgin Marb'les 



Liberty, Statue of 



Mezzo-Rilievo 



Parthenon 



Relief 



Sphinx 



Venus de Milo 

 Winged Bull 

 Winged Lion 

 Winged Victory 

 Wood Carving 



SCULPTORS 



Algardi, Alessandro 

 Ball, Thomas 

 Barnard, George Grey 

 Bartlett, Paul Wayland 

 Borglum, Gutzon 

 Brown, Henry K!irke 

 Canova, Antonio 

 Cellini, Benvenuto 

 Crawford, Thomas 

 Donatello 



French, Daniel Chester 

 Ghiberti, Lorenzo 

 Goujon, Jean 

 Greenough, Horatio 

 Hosmer, Harriet 

 Houdon, Jean Antoine 

 Leighton, Frederick 

 Lysippus 



MacMonnies, Frederick 

 Michelangelo Buonarroti 



Partridge, William 



Ordway 

 Phidias 



Powers, Hiram 

 Praxiteles 

 Rauch, Christian 

 Rietschel, Ernst 

 Robbia, Delia 

 Rodin, Auguste 

 Rogers, John 

 Rogers, Randolph 

 Rude, Frangois 

 Saint Gaudens, Augustus 

 Schilling, Johann 

 Stoss, Veit . 

 Taft, Lorado 

 Thorwaldsen, Bertel 

 Ward, John Q. A. 

 Watts, George F. 



SCURVY, skur' vi, a disease that was first 

 prevalent among sailors during the period of 

 long sea voyages following the discovery of 

 America. It was caused by improper food and 

 drinking water, when the crews were forced to 

 live upon salt beef, hard tack and stagnant 

 water for months at a time. The faces and 

 bodies of victims would swell in places and 

 show dark purple patches where blood vessels 

 had broken beneath the skin; the teeth would 

 become loose, the gums would ulcerate and 

 bleed and the tongue swell and turn black. In 

 severe cases the victim would become utterly 

 exhausted and die of weakness or hemorrhage. 



Sea scurvy is now almost unknown, though 

 the disease sometimes occurs in camps and pris- 

 ons or in besieged towns, where sanitary con- 

 ditions are bad, and it is impossible to secure 

 a variety of food. Improperly-fed infants oc- 

 casionally contract a form of scurvy known as 

 Barlow's disease. Treatment is necessarily 

 along dietary lines*. People who eat plenty of 

 vegetables never contract scurvy, and lemon 

 juice has been found a valuable preventive of 

 the disease. The latter is by law required to 

 be a part of the diet of all sailors in the British 

 navy. 



SCUTARI, skoo'tahre, a fortified town of 

 Albania whose history dates back to the days of 

 the ancient Romans, when it was called Scodra. 

 It lies on the southeastern shore of the Lake 

 of Scutari, about twelve miles from the Adri- 

 atic Sea, and is built on a plain enclosed on 

 three sides by mountains. Near the town is 



