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the Vice-President's services are limited to his 

 chairmanship in the Senate. Not being a mem- 

 ber of the Senate, but placed there through 

 election in which the Senators have no choice, 

 he has no part in the deliberations of that body 

 and has no vote except in case of tie. The 

 Vice-President may at any time be obliged to 

 leave the Sepate to assume the duties of the 

 Presidency ; also he may be unavoidably absent 

 from sessions. Therefore the Senate provides 

 from its own membership a president pro tern- 

 pore who must hold himself in readiness to pre- 

 side in place of the Vice-President. This 

 president pro tempore receives the same salary 

 as the Vice-President, $12,000, and retains his 

 right to speak and vote. 



The secretary of the Senate is responsible for 

 the official conduct of the clerks and all subordi- 

 nates, except doorkeepers. He is also disburs- 

 ing officer, and in such capacity pays the sala- 

 ries and mileage of senators and employees. 

 His salary is $5,000. The sergeant-at-arms has 

 charge of the entire Senate wing of the Capitol 

 and all employees not on the floor of the Sen- 

 ate, and when necessary maintains order and 

 discipline during rare turbulent periods. He is 

 responsible for the care of all halls and rooms 

 belonging to the Senate and of all the property 

 they contain. His salary is $4,500. The chap- 

 lain opens with prayer each session of the Sen- 

 ate. Laborers and pages receive $720 to $1,000, 

 ordinary clerks and messengers $1,440, and com- 

 mittee clerks $1,800 to $3,000. A group of 

 skilled stenographers reports the proceedings of 

 the Senate for publication in the Congressional 

 Record, and each receives $5,000 per year. 



Canadian Senate. The Senate of Canada is 

 described on page 1117 in these volumes, in the 

 article CANADA, subtitle The Dominion Govern- 

 ment. E.D.F. 



Related Subjects. The reader is referred to 

 the following 1 articles in these volumes : 

 Congress of the United Parliament 



States Reichstag 



Constitution of the Vice-President 



United States, sub- 

 head Amendments 



SENECA, sen'eka, a North American In- 

 dian tribe of Iroquoian stock, which ultimately 

 became the most important element in the 

 confederacy known as the Five Nations (which 

 see). When the white men first came in con- 

 tact with them, the Senecas were settled in 

 Western New York between Seneca Lake and 

 the Genesee River. They fought fiercely 

 against the Neutral Nation and the Erie, and 



absorbed the remnants of these tribes after 

 conquering them (about 1650). They then 

 spread out along the country west of Lake Erie 

 and south along the Allegheny River to Penn- 

 sylvania. During the Revolutionary War the 

 Senecas supported the English. About 2,500 

 live on reservations in New York, and a few 

 others are in Oklahoma and in Ontario on the 

 Grand River Reservation. 



SENECA, Lucius ANNAEUS (about 4 B. c.- 

 A. D. 65), a Roman philosopher who taught the 

 doctrine of the Stoics that virtue is the high- 

 est aim in life. His extant philosophical writ- 

 ings are moral treatises on such subjects as 

 C ons o la t ion, 

 Providence, Tran- 

 quillity of Mind 

 and A Happy 

 Life. Ten trage- 

 dies are ajso at- 

 tributed to him. 

 These are not in 

 themselves of 

 great value, but 

 they had an im- 

 portant influence 

 on the drama of 

 the Renaissance. 

 Seneca was born 

 in the province of 

 Spain, at Cor- 

 dova. After 

 studying under 

 the Stoic philoso- 

 pher Attalus, he 

 traveled in Greece 

 and Egypt, gained a reputation in the law 

 courts for his eloquence, and rose to the posi- 

 tion of quaestor under the Emperor Claudius. 

 In the year 41 he was banished to Corsica, but 

 eight years later was recalled to Rome by the 

 Empress Agrippina and made the tutor of her 

 son Nero, who became the next emperor. 

 Though Seneca for a few years exerted a good 

 influence on his wilful pupil, eventually he lost 

 all control over him, and in 65 Nero ordered 

 the philosopher to commit suicide. As a philo- 

 sophical writer Seneca is admired not so much 

 for depth of thought as for breadth of view 

 and his sympathetic way of treating moral 

 problems. 



Consult Dirnsdale's History of Latin Literature; 

 Summers' Select Letters of Seneca. 



SENECA LAKE, the largest of the group of 

 lakes in New York known as the Finger Lakes. 

 It is noted for its beauty and is a favorite sum- 



SENECA 



