SEWARD 



5323 



SEWING 



its contents will not fall below the temperature 

 of 60 F. If the size of the tank is properly 

 proportioned to the amount of sewage it will 

 not be necessary to clean it except at long inter- 

 vals. 



About four times a day a part of the contents 

 of the tank is discharged into the distributing 



Half Tile 



Distributing Tile 



Broken Stone 



THE TILES 



The distributing tiles are about eighteen inches 

 below the surface, and slope gradually away 

 from the pit. In heavy soil, or in regions where 

 frost penetrates deeply, they should be laid in 

 crushed stone or cinders, as shown. In some 

 cases it is also advisable to have drain pipes be- 

 neath this porous foundation. The tiles are laid 

 as illustrated, with their ends about half an inch 

 apart, the half tiles being added on the upper 

 side of the joints to keep out sand and dirt. 



pipes, as explained beneath the second picture. 

 The suddenness of the action causes the liquid 

 to be distributed through all the pipes, whence 

 it seeps into the soil and is taken care of by 

 nature. Heavy soils may in the course of a 

 week or two become saturated, so that the bac- 



30'0" 



SUB-SURFACE IRRIGATION 

 (a) Pipe from septic tank; (&) distributing 

 pit; (cc) fresh air inlets. 



The total amount of tile should be more than 

 one lineal foot for each gallon flowing from the 

 tank in a day. The distributing pit is a small 

 brick chamber with an inlet at the back and two 

 outlets at the front, either of which can be closed. 



teria are unable to do their work; for this 

 reason the distributing system is designed in 

 two parts, so that the flow can be given to one 

 section of the soil for several days while the 

 other part rests. C.H.H. 



SEWARD, su'erd, WILLIAM HENRY (1801- 

 1872), an American statesman, Secretary of 

 State during the War of Secession, and an effi- 

 cient aid of the President in the councils that 

 determined the policy of the nation during that 



struggle. He was born in Florida, Orange 

 County, N. Y., and was educated at Union 

 College. After practicing law for several 

 years he gradually became prominent in poli- 

 tics, serving as 

 governor of New 

 York from 1838 

 to 1842, and in 

 1849 entering the 

 United States, 

 Senate, where he 

 became influen- 

 tial as a party 

 leader. He firmly 

 resisted the ex- 

 tension of slavery 

 and distinguished 

 himself t> y his 

 eloquent speeches 

 opposing the 



WILLIAM H. SEWARD 

 He sought the Presidential 

 nomination in 1860, but Abra- 



Compromise of ham Lincoln won it. Seward 



i o K n j 4. u became the great Secretary 



1 8 5 U ana tne of state of Lincoln's Cabinet, 



Kansas- Nebraska but was held U P to ridicule 



Bill. "Seward's frog pond" from 



T icft v^r, Russia. It proved to be one 



>DU, wnen of the best investments ever 



he was defeated made. 



by Abraham Lincoln for the Presidential 

 nomination, Seward exerted himself to secure 

 Lincoln's election, and later was appointed 

 Secretary of State. In this high office he 

 reorganized the diplomatic service and suc- 

 ceeded in preserving the confidence of Europe 

 which had been ready to give support to 

 the Confederacy. On the night of Lin- 

 coln's assassination, Secretary Seward was 

 confined to his room by a fall from his carriage, 

 but he was also a victim of the conspiracy and 

 was seriously wounded by an accomplice of 

 Booth. He slowly recovered and served as Sec- 

 retary of State under Andrew Johnson, con- 

 tinuing in office until the inauguration of Presi- 

 dent Grant. Among the important tasks that 

 he accomplished were the adjustment of the 

 Trent Affair (which see) and the Alabama 

 Claims (see ALABAMA, THE), and the negotia- 

 tion of the treaty by which Alaska was pur- 

 chased from Russia. 



SEWING, so' ing. In the days of our grand- 

 mothers the sewing connected with the furnish- 

 ing of the home and the clothing of the family 

 was as much a part of every woman's daily task 

 as was the setting of the table or the making 

 of the beds. Often these good and capable 

 housewives took the flax from the plant or the 

 wool from the sheep and spun it into the yarn 

 and then wove it into the cloth which was used 



