SHADOWS 



5330 



SHAFTESBURY 



to spawn, and at that time large numbers are 

 caught in seines or nets. Of late years the 

 annual catch in the United States has been 

 about 25,000,000 pounds. These fish are eaten 

 fresh for the most part, but a few are smoked 

 or salted in brine. Their eggs are sometimes 

 used in making caviar (which see), as they are 

 the best substitute for the roe of the sturgeon, 



THE SHAD 



commonly employed for that purpose. Shad 

 roe when fried is considered a great delicacy. 

 Shad are larger than herring, averaging about 

 three pounds in weight and from two to two 

 and a half feet in length. They are bluish 

 above with silvery sides and have deep, com- 

 pressed bodies. See HERRING. 



SHADOWS, shad'ohz. When a ray of light 

 strikes an object through which light cannot 

 pass, that is, an opaque body, a darkened space 

 may be seen behind the obstructing object. 

 Such a space is known as a shadow. Shadows 

 are formed con- 

 stantly every- 

 where. We see 

 shadows of clouds 

 on the meadows 

 and on bodies of 

 water, shadows of 

 trees and build- 

 ings, and shadows 

 of ourselves. The 

 light of the sun 

 upon the earth 

 causes our planet -Explanation of the figures 

 to throw a huge appears in the text 

 shadow into space, and when the moon passes 

 into this darkened area it may be partially or 

 completely eclipsed (see ECLIPSE). Both lunar 

 and solar eclipses have to do with shadows 

 formed on a gigantic scale. 



The accompanying diagram illustrates the 

 formation of shadows. In Fig. 1 the source of 

 light is a luminous point, a. An opaque body b 

 intercepts the ray of light from a, and the 

 space between b and the screen w is in the 



shadow. As the light is totally excluded, the 

 space is completely darkened, and an umbra is 

 formed. In Fig. 2, a, the source of light, is an 

 area of considerable dimensions. In this case 

 the space behind b consists of a totally dark- 

 ened region, or umbra, and of a region where 

 only part of the light is cut off. This latter 

 section, illustrated by oblique shading, is the 

 'penumbra. See LIGHT. 



SHAF'TER, WILLIAM RUFUS (1835-1906), 

 an American soldier, distinguished for his se-rv- 

 ices as commander of land operations in Cuba 

 during the Spanish-American War. His forces, 

 in the course of a month's fighting, captured 

 Santiago and the 

 entire eastern sec- 

 tion of the island 

 (see SPANISH- 

 AM ERIC AN WAR ) . 

 Shafter was born 

 at Galesburg, 

 Mich., and re- 

 ceived only a 

 common school 

 education. He 

 won a Medal of GENERAL SHAFTER 

 Honor during the War of Secession at the Bat- 

 tle of Fair Oaks, on May 31, 1862, having 

 fought valiantly throughout the entire day 

 although severely wounded. He became major 

 of the Nineteenth Michigan Infantry in 1862, 

 was promoted lieutenant-colonel in 1863, be- 

 came colonel of the Seventeenth United States 

 Colored Infantry in 1864, and was brevetted 

 brigadier-general of volunteers on March 13, 

 1865, for gallant conduct in action. After 1866 

 he was in the regular service. At the close of 

 the Spanish-American War General Shafter was 

 given command of the Military Department of 

 the East, but later was transferred to the De- 

 partment of the Pacific. He retired in 1901 

 with the rank of major-general in the regular 

 army. 



SHAFTESBURY, shafts' beri, ANTONY ASH- 

 LEY COOPER, First Earl of (1621-1683), an Eng- 

 lish statesman who forced the passage of the 

 Habeas Corpus Act. He rose to great promi- 

 nence during the Commonwealth and after the 

 restoration of Charles II. The son of John 

 Cooper of Wimborne, Dorsetshire, he entered 

 Parliament before his twenty-first birthday and 

 showed an inclination to side with the royalists, 

 but afterwards became one of the most dec'ded 

 Parliament supporters and active in the field 

 against the king, whose final defeat he helped 

 to bring about. 



