SHIP 



5353 



SHIP 



ner that only five or six inches of any shingle 

 shall be exposed to the weather. Usually shin- 

 gles are nailed directly upon the boards, called 

 roofing, which cover the rafters (see Fig. 15, 

 page 1196), but between the two tarred paper 

 may be laid as an added protection from the 

 weather. 



If a shingle averages 18 x 6 inches in size, and 

 only 5 inches of it lies exposed to the weather, 

 it is clear that one shingle will cover, or be 

 exposed on, but 30 square inches of roof. To 

 ascertain the number of shingles required to 

 cover a roof 



Multiply the length of one side of the roof by 

 its breadth, in feet, then double the product, to 

 obtain the area of both sides, in square feet. Mul- 

 tiply the sum of the two sides by 144, thus find- 

 ing the area in square inches. Divide this prod- 

 uct by the number of square inches of each shin- 

 gle exposed to the weather ; the quotient will be 

 the number of shingles required. Divide by 200, 

 the number of shingles in each bunch as packed 

 for sale, to find the number of bunches required. 



Sources of Supply. Shingles are made princi- 

 pally from cedar, which wood is most durable 

 for the purpose, as it warps and shrinks .but 

 little on long exposure. The great shingle 

 mills are located near vast cedar forests, there- 

 fore the main source of supply is in the Cana- 



dian province of British Columbia and the states 

 of Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho and 

 Montana. Other sections produce cedar shin- 

 gles in smaller quantities, notably Michigan, 

 Virginia, North Carolina, Maine, Wisconsin and 

 Alabama, named in their order of importance. 



Other Roofing Materials. While shingles are 

 the cheapest roofing material and meet every 

 essential demand in most communities, more 

 expensive slates and tiles, in various colors and 

 designs, are employed on large buildings and 

 even on residences within prescribed limits of 

 cities. They serve as an added protection 

 against fire. 



SHINNEY, shin'i, another name for hockey, 

 described on page 2805. 



SHINTO, orSHINTOISM, shin' tohiz'm, the 

 ancient religious cult of Japan, the least devel- 

 oped of all the national religions, having no 

 supreme deity and no moral code. Its central 

 feature was sun worship, and a system of an- 

 cestor worship was also practiced. According 

 to its traditions, the reigning emperor is de- 

 scended from one of the Shinto gods. Shinto 

 has not been able to maintain itself as a re- 

 ligion, but all court officials must observe its 

 forms, as its rites have been adopted for the 

 state religious ceremonies. 



THE 



Tenth Century 



STORY, 



Twen'tie 



ntury 



Seventeenth Century 



HIP, a large vessel intended for ocean 

 travel. When all ships were driven by the 

 pressure of wind against sails, ships were those 

 vessels which were fitted with at least three 

 masts bearing square-rigged sails. Now, how- 

 ever, the term is applied to large vessels in 

 general. 



Steamship. Ships are of two sorts sailing 

 ships and ships propelled by steam. Steam- 

 ships have now almost monopolized the pas- 

 senger-carrying traffic of the world, and they 

 have almost driven the slower and less depend- 

 able sailing craft from the sea. Men have 

 built ships from the most ancient times, but 



the modern science of designing is hardly 

 three-quarters of a century old. The tendency 

 has been steadily to increase the carrying ca- 

 pacity, steadiness, comfort and speed of ships; 

 and this has involved an enormous increase in 

 their size and in the power of their engines. 

 The highest type of transatlantic liner is as 

 luxurious as a modern hotel, and carries, be- 

 sides its cargo and crew, a floating population 

 as numerous as that of a small American town. 

 The giant Imperator, of the Hamburg- Ameri- 

 can Line, is a good type of these floating ho- 

 tels. It was launched in 1913. This ship has a 

 total length of 909 feet, a width of ninety-eight 



