SHIRAZ 



5357 



SHOGUN 



1,150 persons lost their lives. In July, 1915, the 

 lake steamer Eastland turned over in the Chi- 

 cago River, while still tied to the wharf, and 

 carried to their death 852 excursionists. G.B.D. 



Consult Taylor's The Speed and Power of 

 Ships; Biles' The Design and Construction of 

 Ships; Chatterton's Steamships and Their Story; 

 Howden's Boys' Book of Steamships. 



Related Subjects. In connection with this 



article, the reader is referred to the following- 

 topics in these volumes : 



Anchor Mate 



Constitution, The Navigation 



Dock Navy (with list) 



Dockyards Quarter-deck 



Frigate Sailboat and Sailing 



Galley Sounding 



Gondola Tacking 



Lead, Sounding Titanic 



Life-Saving Service Tonnage 



Lighthouse Warship 



SHIRAZ, sherahz', a city of Persia, capital 

 of the province of Farsistan, famous through- 

 out Asia for its wines. It is situated in the 

 southwestern part of the country, 112 miles 

 from the Persian Gulf, and is about 4,750 feet 

 above the sea (see map, opposite page 417). A 

 great stone wall shuts off the city from the sur- 

 rounding plains, which are rich with vineyards 

 and orchards and fragrant with rose gardens. 

 Founded in A.D. 697, Shiraz, with its beautiful 

 location, healthful climate and magnificent 

 buildings, was for a time a center of culture. 

 Destructive earthquakes, however, laid much 

 of it in ruins, and the rebuilt portions do not 

 compare favorably with the original structures. 

 The city contains colleges, bazaars, beautiful 

 mosques and other public buildings, and among 

 its manufactures are cotton and woolen goods, 

 silk, glass, inlaid articles and rose water. It has 

 been the birthplace of many scholars and poets. 

 Population, about 55,000. 



SHIRE, she' ray, an African river, rising in 

 Lake Nyassa. After a course of about 300 

 miles it joins the Zambezi about ninety miles 

 from the Indian Ocean. In most parts the 

 river is a broad, navigable stream, but it is in- 

 terrupted by rapids and cataracts. The Mur- 

 chison rapids, in its upper course, has a fall of 

 1,200 feet. The Shire was discovered by David 

 Livingstone. The surrounding country is fast 

 being developed into an important agricultural 

 district. 



SHODDY, shod'i, a term promiscuously ap- 

 plied to anything which is an imitation of some- 

 thing of known good quality, or that which is 

 cheap and poor in quality. This application is, 

 however, wrong, as the term should only be 



applied to goods that have been rewoven. In 

 the process of wool manufacture there is a cer- 

 tain percentage of waste, a portion of the wool 

 is "shed." The term shed has been changed 

 into shoddy, to describe an industry of English 

 origin, the making of fabrics from shed, or 

 cast-off materials. 



This industry has assumed important propor- 

 tions in England, the United States and Canada. 

 There is everywhere a market for cast-off cloth- 

 ing and rags, which are collected and sorted 

 into grades of wool, wool and cotton, all cot- 

 ton, etc. The rags are torn apart by machin- 

 ery, dusted by beating and fanning and reduced 

 practically to a state of unspun wool. The rags 

 which contain both cotton and wool are treated 

 with sulphuric acid, which destroys the cotton 

 fibers but leaves the wool intact. The wool 

 thus separated is spoken of as extracted. The 

 wool thus obtained, having been once woven 

 and then broken up again, is naturally in short 

 pieces, and to make a good weave must be 

 blended with some other material. For this 

 blending wool of low quality is employed, or 

 cotton may be used. The result is naturally 

 inferior to that obtained from unused wool, but 

 still produces fairly satisfactory material. 



Shoddy is now made to appear so exactly 

 like original cloth that the purchaser is prac- 

 tically at the mercy of the merchant, only an 

 expert being able usually to distinguish be- 

 tween shoddy and new goods. In European 

 countries shoddy is sold under its proper name, 

 with no effort at deception, and the price is 

 accordingly low. The shoddy industry, openly 

 carried on as such, is of undoubted benefit, and 

 many Europeans are enabled by it to clothe 

 themselves in a way absolutely impossible be- 

 fore the introduction of this cheap material. In 

 the United States much shoddy is sold, and the 

 honest merchant explains its character. Shoddy 

 clothing may wear excellently, and frequently 

 makes an attractive looking garment. See 

 ADULTERATION OF FOODSTUFFS AND CLOTHING. 



SHOES, shooz. See Boors AND SHOES. 



SHOGUN, sho'goon, a Japanese term for 

 great general, or commander in chief. For sev- 

 eral centuries previous to 1868 the shogun 

 class, or shogunate, had exercised the real 

 power in Japan, though nominally subject to 

 the emperor. In 1192 the emperor Takahira 

 made Yositomo, the Minamoto leader, a Sei-i- 

 tai-shogun, meaning barbarian-subduing, great 

 general. Successive generals held the title until 

 it became practically hereditary in the Toku- 

 gawa family. 



