SINDIA 



5390 



SINGLE TAX 



Cry for Justice and King Coal, a Novel oj the 

 Colorado Strike. 



SIN'DIA, the family name of the Mahratta 

 dynasty, the rulers of Gwalior, a native state 

 of Central India, until conquered by the Eng- 

 lish in 1844. They were first known to fame in 

 the early part of the eighteenth century, when 

 Ranoji Sindia, who had risen from the posi- 

 tion of a slipper carrier to the peshwa (prince) , 

 was made the commander of the royal body- 

 guard. When he was sent to collect tribute 

 from the people of the Malwa district, Sindia 

 established headquarters there and built up his 

 own dominions, where, after his death in 1754, 

 his descendants continued to reign until the 

 occupation of the country by England. 



The most powerful of these successors was 

 Madaji Sindia, who, in 1781, executed a treaty 

 with Great Britain by which he secured Euro- 

 pean discipline and tactics for his army. Thus 

 equipped beyond the dreams of other native 

 princes, he subjugated Delhi and Agra and 

 forced the emperor to a secondary position, 

 Sindia himself acting in supreme capacity in 

 every important matter. 



SIND'ING, CHRISTIAN (1856- ), a promi- 

 nent Norwegian composer and teacher. His 

 compositions are interesting because they sug- 

 gest the spirit of Northern lands and have 

 charm of melody and excellence of construc- 

 tion. At the Leipzig Conservatory, where 

 Sinding studied, he won high honors as a pi- 

 anist and organist. His principal works include 

 a symphony in D minor, the Rondo Infinito 

 for orchestra, the suite Episodes Chevalaresque, 

 the piano concerto in D flat, and the violin 

 concerto, op. 45. In 1910 his opera Der heilige 

 Berg was produced in Berlin. 



SINGAPORE, sing gapohr', one of the parts 

 of the Straits Settlements, an island and city 

 which is an Asiatic colony of Great Britain 

 (for location see colored map, opposite page 

 417). The island is about twenty-seven miles 

 long and fourteen miles wide, and lies off the 

 southern end of the Malay Peninsula, from 

 which it is separated by a strait less than a 

 mile in width. Its area is 217 square miles, and 

 in 1913 it had an estimated population of 330,- 

 042 (including dependencies) , most of whom live 

 in the city of Singapore, capital of the Straits 

 Settlements. Christmas Island, the Keeling 

 Islands and Labuan Island are dependencies 

 of Singapore. 



The city of Singapore is the most impor- 

 tant commercial emporium of Southeastern 

 Asia. It is a free port and has a large, con- 



venient harbor, with .miles of wharves, quays 

 and docks. Many oceanic routes meet at this 

 port of call. Singapore is a well-fortified, pic- 

 turesque city, with a beautiful esplanada on the 

 outer harbor, and numerous handsome build- 

 ings, cathedrals and museums. It has one of 

 the finest botanical gardens in the world, and 

 branches of the Royal Asiatic and other learned 

 societies. Despite its nearness to the equator 

 (ninety miles), the climate is agreeable and 

 healthful. Cocoanut oil, spices, teak-wood 

 and hides, sago, tapioca, sugar, tortoise shell, 

 mother-of-pearl, India rubber, coffee and to- 

 bacco are important exports. See STRAITS SET- 

 TLEMENTS. 



SING 'ING. Musical tones are produced by 

 the same mechanism as speaking tones; that 

 is, the vocal cords are set in vibration by a 

 current of air from the lungs, and these vibra- 

 tions produce sound. In singing, however, one 

 uses many more notes than in talking. In the 

 production of singing tones the cords undergo 

 considerable tension, or stretching, and the 

 higher one sings the more tightly the cords are 

 stretched, just as the higher notes on a violin 

 are produced by the tightly-stretched strings. 

 Pitch is also determined by the length of the 

 vocal cords. Women have shorter cords than 

 men and their voices are higher pitched, as the 

 shorter the cord the higher the pitch. A very 

 long cord gives a deep bass voice, the lowest 

 division of the singing voice. The other divi- 

 sions, named in order from low to high, are 

 barytone, tenor, alto and soprano. The compass 

 of the average singing voice is twelve tones, but 

 that of trained singers varies from two to three 

 octaves or more. As the ability to sing well is 

 based on proper breathing, singing lessons are 

 sometimes a means of building up the bodily 

 health. 



Consult Marchesi's Ten Singing Lessons; Hen- 

 derson's Art of the Singers; Mills' Voice Produc- 

 tion in Singing and Speaking. 



Related Subjects. In connection with this 

 discussion of singing the reader should consult 

 the following articles in these volumes : 

 Music Voice, subhead How to 



Sound, subhead High Cultivate the Voice 



Tones and Low 



SINGLE, sing'g'l, TAX, a method of taxa- 

 tion which would raise all the revenues needed 

 by the government by a single tax on land. 

 As generally used, the term designates the 

 plan formulated by Henry George, an Ameri- 

 can journalist and economist. George did not 

 originate the doctrine; he did, however, give 

 it its simplest and most lucid expression. 



