SLATER FUND 



5404 



SLAVERY 



posed chiefly of quartz or silica and clay and 

 changed into its present form by heat and pres- 

 sure. 



Slate splits into thin layers and varies in 

 color from light gray to green, red, brown and 

 almost black. It is of different degrees of 

 hardness but all varieties are easily scratched 

 with a knife. It is found in all localities where 

 metamorphic rocks have been formed, and 

 the layers are often tilted at various angles. 

 It is one of the most durable rocks and with- 

 stands weathering as well as granite. The 

 best varieties are used for blackboards, for cov- 

 ering roofs, for writing slates and for mantels. 



rmsylvania 

 3598 



Vermont 

 1696 



/irgini 

 183 



Figures Represent Thousands of Dol ISTS 



A YEAR'S PRODUCTION 

 The four leading states which quarry slate. 



Marbleized slate is made by painting the back- 

 ground on the stone and dipping it in water 

 upon which the coloring matter has been 

 spread, then baking the stone. Very beautiful 

 designs are produced in this way. The most 

 extensive slate quarries in the United States 

 are in Pennsylvania, Vermont, Maine and Vir- 

 ginia. Little is quarried in Canada. The most 

 important quarries of Europe are in Wales and 

 Ardennes, France. The slate quarried yearly 

 in the United States is valued at over five and 

 a half million dollars. 



Consult Dale's "Slate Deposits of United 

 States," in Bulletin No. 586, United States Geo- 

 logical Survey. 



Related Subjects. The reader is referred to 

 the following articles in these volumes : 

 Cleavage Metamorphism 



Geology Quarry and Quarrying 



SLATER FUND, an endowment of $1,000,- 

 000, made in 1882 by John Fox Slater, a New 

 England manufacturer, for the purpose of con- 

 ferring a "Christian education on the lately 

 emancipated population of the United States." 

 For this gift Congress voted a resolution of 

 thanks to Mr. Slater, and presented him with 

 a medal. The fund was placed in charge of a 

 board of trustees, and so well has it been ad- 

 ministered that it now yields an annual income 

 of about $80,000. 



The fund has been devoted principally to 

 the support of those negro schools which spe- 

 cialize in normal and industrial training, in- 



cluding the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial 

 Institute, and the Hampton Normal and Agri- 

 cultural Institute, both of first importance. 

 The money is used to pay salaries of teachers, 

 directors and principals, and for supplies and 

 running expenses. An annual grant of $1,000 

 for three years, beginning in 1908, was made to 

 the public school officials of Charleston, S. C., 

 to support an industrial school for negroes in 

 connection with the public school system, a 

 notable extension of the activities of the foun- 

 dation. 



Consult Ayres' Seven Great Foundations; also 

 reports of the United States Bureau of Education. 



SLAVERY, slayv'eri. In the childhood of 

 man our barbarous ancestors, when they fought 

 their hostile neighbors, made no captives. 

 They did not conquer their enemies; they 

 destroyed them. So slavery, when it came, was 

 a forward step in the march toward the 

 brotherhood of man, for although it ignored 

 the rights of fellow creatures it at least recog- 

 nized their usefulness, their ability to benefit 

 the world by their presence. Captive men 

 and women did the rough work of a com- 

 munity, and their masters gained leisure time 

 chiefly time to be idle, but also time to think. 

 Had the older system of slaying all enemies 

 persisted, we might never have reached the 

 state of society which gave us Abraham, Moses 

 and David, Homer and the many artists of 

 ancient Greece, and Cicero, Horace and Vergil. 



But the slavery of those taken in war was 

 a different thing from the enslavement of fel- 

 low citizens for debt or the trafficking in men 

 and women of a lower state of civilization who 

 could by no stretch of the imagination be con- 

 sidered enemies. And history records that 

 while slavery of the first type ended gradually 

 through economic and political changes, slavery 

 for debt and slavery of the black race were 

 destroyed by moral uprisings. 



Slavery in the Ancient World. When Abra- 

 ham made his covenant it applied both to 

 Abraham's family and to him 

 that is born in the house, or bought with money 

 of any stranger, 



and slavery continued among the Hebrews 

 until they themselves were carried away into 

 captivity. But the laws of Moses provided 

 that all slaves should be well treated, and that 

 a Hebrew servant should go free after six 

 years, and a foreigner in the year of jubilee, 

 which occurred twice in a century. 



The story of Ulysses' visit in disguise to the 

 swineherd Eumaeus, in the Odyssey, teaches 



