SOUTH AMERICA 



5453 



SOUTHAMPTON 



Orellana crossed the Andes and, following the 

 course of the Amazon from its headwaters to 

 its mouth, reached the Atlantic Ocean in 1541. 

 While the Spaniards were exploring the conti- 

 nent from west to east, the Portuguese began 

 in 1531 to push into the interior from east to 

 west. They eventually occupied the vast re- 

 gion of Brazil. Spain and Portugal had almost 

 entire control of the continent until the begin- 

 ning of the nineteenth century. The Spanish 

 colonies declared their independence in 1810 

 and established several republics after the 

 model of the United States. After a protracted 

 struggle Spain formally recognized their inde- 

 pendence in 1826. In 1823 Brazil became inde- 

 pendent of Portugal and retained a monarchical 

 form of government which lasted until 1889, 

 when a republican form of government was 

 adopted. 



For the greater part of the nineteenth cen- 

 tury these countries were disturbed by periodi- 

 cal internal revolutions, and their progress was 

 in consequence slow. Since the beginning of 

 the twentieth century more stable political 

 conditions have prevailed and a great economic 

 development has taken place, as the vast natu- 

 ral resources of the continent are being opened 

 up. South America is playing to-day an im- 

 portant part in the international trade of the 

 world. O.B. 



Each country's history is treated in special arti- 

 cles in these volumes. In addition to reference 

 books there referred to, consult Bryce's South 

 America: Observations and Impressions; Post's 

 Across the Andes; Bingham's Across South 

 America. 



Related Subjects. Much additional informa- 

 tion on various phases of South American geog- 

 raphy may be gained from the following articles 

 in these volumes. Almost all of the articles on the 

 political divisions also contain lists, so the range 

 of reading indicated is a wide one. 



Parana 

 Pilcomayo 

 Plata, Rio de la 

 Sao Francisco 



Tapajos 

 Tocantins 

 Uruguay 

 Xingu 



Falkland 

 Galapagos 



Aconcagua 



Andes 



Chimborazo 



Argentina 



Bolivia 



Brazil 



British Guiana 



Chile 



Colombia 



Dutch Guiana 



Amazon 



Jurua 



Madeira 



ISLANDS 



Tierra del Fuego 

 Trinidad 



MOUNTAINS 



Cordillera 

 Cotopaxi 



POLITICAL DIVISIONS 



Ecuador 



French Guiana 



Paraguay 



Peru 



Uruguay 



Venezuela 



RIVERS 



Magdalena 



Orinoco 



Paraguay 



UNCLASSIFIED 



Inca Llanos 



Indians, American, sub- Patagonia 



head South American Selvas 



Types Titicaca, Lake 



SOUTHAMPTON, south amp' tun, a seaport 

 in the extreme southern part of England, sev- 

 enty-nine miles southwest of London. It occu- 

 pies a peninsula lying between the estuary of 

 the Test River on the west and the mouth of 

 the Itchen on the 

 east, where these 

 waters discharge 

 into Southamp- 

 ton Water, an in- 

 let of the English 

 Channel. South- 

 ampton is a coal- 

 ing station, a port 

 of call for several 

 important mail 

 steamship lines, 

 and a fashionable 

 seaside resort. In 

 normal years 12,- 

 000 vessels annu- 

 ally enter its spa- 

 cious, sheltered 

 harbor, where 

 double tides pro- 

 long each period 

 of high water for 

 three hours. 

 There are six 

 large dry docks 

 here, and two 

 coal-barge docks 

 in which 10,000 TOWER TO THE 



. PILGRIMS 



tons of coal can From Southampt on the 

 be floated in one Mayflower sailed, on August 

 . . , , 20, 1620. The memorial tower 



shipment. Indus- is 100 feet high and is built 

 trial establish- of granite, 

 ments include markets, slaughterhouses, ship- 

 building yards and engine works. Public baths, 

 a free public library and fine parks are among 

 the attractive features of the town, which pos- 

 sesses also one of the oldest hospitals in Eng-. 

 land, the Domus Dei (God's House). A uni- 

 versity college was established here in 1850. A 

 Pilgrim Memorial Tower was erected here in 

 Southampton in 1914; from Southampton the 

 Mayflower set out on its perilous trip to the 

 New World. Near the spot where the tower 



